Connections No Internet in Postclassical Era Dark Ages in Europe and South Asia Middle East and Nort

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ConnectionsNo Internet in Postclassical EraDark
Ages in Europe and South AsiaMiddle East and
North Africa The AwakeningEast Asia Connections

• Umayads Abbysids
• Sui Tang
• Religions

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Literal Connections

• Arabic language
• Paper
• Grand Canal
• Yangdi 605-610
• built in East Asia connecting Yellow and Yantze
  river systems and later north to south
• 1,100 miles long
• Silk Road
• Indian Ocean travelers on monsoons
• East Asia to Japan

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Political Authority

• Islamic Empires
• Caliph successor to Muhammad
• Vizer prime minister
• Sultan regional ruler at first then later
  leader of Islamic Empire
• Islamic Law or Sharia interpreted by the ulema
• Asian
• Emperors and Mandate of Heaven
• European
• Lesser Monarchs under the authority of the Roman
  Catholic Church
• Byzantine Emperor plus Orthodox Church (each
  equal)
• Africa
• Western Islamic Empires as Islam spreads
  throughout Africa (Mali, Songhay, Ghana)
• Spread with salt and gold trade along trade
  routes
• In some ways, the beliefs of Islam were in
  conflict with the traditional African beliefs and
  customs. Islams rejection of spirit worship ran
  counter to the beliefs of many Africans and was
  often ignored in practice. Likewise, Islams
  insistence on distinct roles for men and women
  was contrary to the relatively informal
  relationships that prevailed in many African
  societies. In the mountains of Ethiopia, the
  spread of Islam was further hindered by the
  establishment of Christianity in that area. In
  other areas, some elements of Islam were combined
  with native beliefs to create a unique brand of
  Africanized Islam.
• Stateless societies were organized into clans and
  had tribal leaders but no real central authority

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Monks and Travelers and Political Authority

• Arabic Philosophers
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) built on the works of
  Aristotle and wrote over 500 works of philosophy
  and medical studies
• Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) also built on works of
  Aristotle
• Ibn-Khaldun 14th century historian and recorder
  as he traveled around the Islamic world
• Ibn Battuta early 14th century, a ghaddi or
  Islamic religious scholar who traveled and
  recorded his travels
• Marco Polo late 14th century traveler from
  Southern Europe through the Middle East to East
  Asia
• Mansu Masa (Mali)
• When Mansa Musa converted to Islam, he decided to
  make a pilgrimage to Makkah. As a king, however,
  he brought with him thousands of servants and
  soldiers, and a huge amount of gold. Everywhere
  he went, Mansa Musa lavished gold gifts on his
  hosts and made hundreds of purchases with gold.
  By putting so much gold into circulation in such
  a short time, he caused the value of gold to
  fall. Mansa Musas pilgrimage left people with an
  image of him as a great ruler of a powerful and
  prosperous kingdom. When he returned to Mali, he
  brought with him Islamic teachers and architects.

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More Monks and travelers

• Cyril and Methodius
• Two brothers from Thessaloniki in Greece who were
  sent as missionaries by Byzantine government to
  Bulgaria and Moravia (which included much of the
  modern Czech, Slovakian, and Hungarian
  territories) during the mid-9th century
  responsible for creating an alphabet, known as
  the Cyrillic alphabet, for previously illiterate
  Slavic peoples.
• Faxien and Xuanzang
• 5th and 7th centuries
• Traveled throughout SE Asia and learned sankrit
  and translated the Buddhist writings into Chinese
  script
• Wrote of their travels and gave historical
  descriptions
• Xuanzang also known as Hsuan-tsang traveled left
  China in 629 his writings are best known as
  Monkey

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Pilgrimage

• Pilgrimages are journeys to especially sacred
  sites such as this monastery in the Himalaya
  mountains of Nepal such pilgrimages often result
  from a vow and allow laypeople to reach a higher
  spiritual status

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Types of Religious Orders

• Benedictines founded in 6th century
• Templars and Hospitalers founded during the
  crusades and combined functions of knights and
  monks.
• They cared for the sick and injured and fought to
  regain the holy land.
• Franciscans founded in 13th century by St.
  Francis of Assisi and consisted of begging friars
  who originally wandered from place to place.
  Grey Habits
• usually ministered to lower-class people
• Dominicans founded in 13th century by St Dominic.
  also wandered. Black Habits
• ministered to educated upper class and combated
  heresy.

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Jesuits

• founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola
• Jesuits do not wear a special habit and are not
  subject to local ecclesiastical authority
• The Jesuits began as a group of seven men who as
  students in Paris took (1534) vows of poverty and
  chastity.
• Ordained as priests, they placed themselves at
  the disposal of the pope, Paul III, who gave
  formal approval to the society in 1540. Ignatius
  became (1541) its first general.
• The order grew so rapidly that at Ignatius's
  death (1556) the little band had expanded to
  nearly a thousand persons.
• Concentrated on foreign missions, education, and
  scholarship.
• Saint Francis Xavier, one of the original seven,
  was the first Jesuit to open the East to
  missionaries
• Matteo Ricci and others followed at the court of
  China.
• Jesuits established missions throughout Latin
  America and founded a model commune for
  Paraguayan Indians.
• adopted Thomas Aquinas as their official
  theologian

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Hindu

• In Hinduism, monastic tradition varies somewhat
  from sect to sect. Historically this path has
  been open to males only, but some traditions now
  accept female renunciates as well.
• Hindu monks are called Sadhus and in most
  traditions are easily recognized by their saffron
  robes.
• Vaisnava monks shave their heads except for a
  small patch of hair on the back of the head,
  while Saivite monks in most traditions let their
  hair and beard grow uncut.
• A Sadhu's vow of renunciation typically forbids
  him from
• owning personal property apart from a bowl, a
  cup, two sets of clothing and medical aides such
  as eyeglasses
• having any contact with, looking at, thinking of
  or even being in the presence of women
• eating for pleasure
• possessing or even touching money or valuables in
  any way, shape or form
• maintaining personal relationships.

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Buddhist

• The distinction between Sangha and lay persons
  has always been important and forms the Purisa,
  Buddhist community. Here, monastics teach and
  counsel the laity at request while laymen and
  laywomen offer donations for their future
  support. This inter-connectedness serves as a
  marriage and has sustained Buddhism to this day.
• The legendary Shaolin monasteries of China are
  perhaps best known in the Western hemisphere from
  martial art films. Practicing Ch'an of the
  Mahayana school, this form of Buddhism spread to
  Korea and subsequently to Japan where it is now
  known as Zen. According to legend, their founder
  is known alternatively as Bodhiharma or Ta Mo.
• In Tibet, before the Communist invasion in the
  late 1940s and early '50s, more than half of the
  country's male population was ordained. Due to
  the oppression, and destruction of monasteries
  and libraries by the Chinese, Tibetans now live
  in exile. Hoping to find religious freedom, many
  Tibetan monks annually risk crossing the
  Himalayas, often trying to reach India
• In Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar
  where the religious prevalence is Theravada,
  there is a common tradition of short ordination.
  During a school break, many young men usually
  ordain for a week or two to earn merit for loved
  ones and to gain knowledge of the Dharma,
  Buddhist teaching.

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The spread of universal religions from 300-1500 CE

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Cultural and Biological Exchanges Along the Silk
Roads

• The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism

Insert map on page 257
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Legalism

• Legalism was adopted during the Qin dynasty by
  the Emperor Shih Hwangdi as Confucianism is
  rejected.
• Confucianism is later reinstituted during the Han
  dynasty
• Not only does Confucianism prompt superior men
  within the governmental structure, during the Han
  dynasty a system of merit is adopted and the
  institution of the scholarly gentry is created
• Men from landowning families were selected to be
  trained and then tested to work within the
  government
• Legalism proposed that humans are evil by nature.
  
• The only way to make people follow the correct
  path is by harsh impersonal laws and stiff
  punishments.
• Legalists did not believe that government by
  superior men could solve societys problems as
  do the proponets of Confucianism

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Hinduism vs. Buddhism

• Hinduism teaches that ones role in life is
  defined by ones birth into a certain class, or
  caste. (varna)
• Hinduism (karma, dharma)
• Buddhism rejects the Hindu division of human
  beings into rigidly defined castes.
• Instead, Buddhism teaches that all human beings
  can reach nirvana, or ultimate reality, as a
  result of their behavior in this life.
• Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path
• Divided into Mauyana and Therevada
• Buddhism also differs from Hinduism in its
  simplicity. Hindus worship a multitude of gods,
  whereas Buddhists are forbidden from worshipping
  any god, even Buddha himself.
• For this reason, many consider Buddhism to be
  more of a philosophy than a religion.
• Buddha believed that our thoughts create our
  reality. He believed that the physical
  surroundings of humans were simply illusions and
  that sorrow and suffering were the result of an
  attachment to the things of the world. By
  practicing right mindfulness, as taught in the
  Eightfold Path, we keep our minds in control of
  our senses.

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Daoism
Daoism
Wise men don't need to prove their pointmen who
need to prove their point aren't wise.The Master
has no possessions.The more he does for others,
the happier he is.The more he gives to others,
the wealthier he is.The Tao nourishes by not
forcing.By not dominating, the Master leads.

• Lao zi (zhao, zao, zu)
• Daoism focuses on wu wei or non action
• Naturalness (Nature or the flow of the universe)
• (vitality and peace) keeps universe balanced,
• Humanism
• emptiness is seen as refinement
• If work against this emptiness then you upset the
  balance
• The body coordinates with the elements
• Yielding and harmonious
• Placing ones life in harmony with nature
• Pu is simplicity or without illusion
• Three Jewels - compassion, moderation and
  humility or kindness, simplicity and modesty
• Dieties
• Not really objects of worship
• Jade Emperor
• Three
• Although historic roots appear around 6th century
  BCE or 4th to 3rd , it is officially recognized
  in the Tang Dynasty after the 7th Century CE.
• IChing or Book of Changes or Tao Te Ching
• Daozong or Treasury of Tao published during Ming
  dynasty

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Buddhism

• Karma is the force generated by a persons
  actions that determines how that soul will be
  born into the next life.
• The present life is a reflection of ones actions
  in the previous life.
• What people do in their current life determines
  what their next life will be.
• Dharma
• Right way of life
• The better you live the more likely you can reach
  liberation or Nirvana

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Schisms (splits)

• The Theravada sect sees Buddhism as a way of
  life, not a religion that is centered on
  individual salvation. They continue to insist
  that an understanding of ones self is the chief
  way to gain nirvana, or release from the wheel
  of life.
• The Mahayana Buddhists stressed the view that
  nirvana could be achieved through devotion to the
  Buddha.
• felt that Theravada teachings were too strict for
  ordinary people to follow.
• Buddhism was a religion, not a philosophy.
• Buddha was not just a wise man, but also a divine
  figure.
• Nirvana was not just a release from the wheel of
  life, but a true heaven.
• Through devotion to the Buddha, Mahayana
  followers hoped to achieve salvation in nirvana
  after death.
• Mahayana sect was absorbed by a revived Hinduism
  and later by a new arrival, Islam.

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Duty and Humanity

• Confucius believed that duty is expressed in the
  form of a work ethic, in which individuals
  working hard to fulfill their duties enable
  society as a whole to prosper.
• He also believed that rulers have a duty to set a
  good example, following a kingly way to gain
  the respect of their people. If rulers have this
  respect, their societies will prosper.
• Confucius also held that humanity is a sense of
  compassion and empathy for others.
• One should not do to others what one does not
  want done to oneself.

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The Five Basic Relationships

• According to Confucius, each person had a
  specific place in society and certain duties to
  fulfill. Confucius hoped that if people knew what
  was expected of them they would behave correctly.
  Therefore, he set up five principal relationships
  in which most people are involved.
• These relationships were
• (1) ruler and subject
• (2) father and son
• (3) elder brother and younger brother
• (4) husband and wife and
• (5) friend and friend.
• All, except the last, involve the authority of
  one person over another. Power and the right to
  rule belong to superiors over subordinates that
  is, to older people over younger people, to men
  over women.
• Each person has to give obedience and respect to
  "superiors" the subject to his ruler, the wife
  to her husband, the son to his parents, and the
  younger brother to the older brother. The
  "superior," however, owes loving responsibility
  to the inferior.

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Buddhism

• Four Noble Truths
• Suffering exists
• Suffering arises from attachment to desires
• Suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases
  
• Freedom from suffering is possible by practicing
  the Eightfold Path

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Eightfold Path

• Wisdom (panna) Right View
• Right Thought
• Morality (sila) Right Speech
• Right Action
• Right Livelihood
• Meditation (samadhi) Right Effort
• Right Mindfulness
• Right Contemplation

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Islam, Christianity and Judaism

• Ethical Monotheism
• Abraham
• Islamic Schisms
• Shia
• Fundamentalist
• Sunnis
• Christian Schisms
• By 1054 Christianity in east and west had
  different structures
• Iconoclasitic controversy
• Roman Catholic with Pope
• Orthodox with Patriarch
• Later split with Protestants in 1517

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Roman Catholic

• Paul of Tarsus built the structure of the church
• Constantine adopted Christianity for himself
• Theodosious adopted Christianity as the official
  religion of the Roman people
• Edict of Milan proclaims religious tolerance and
  allowed the practice of Christianity to flourish
  without prosecution
• Council of Nicea established the doctrines of the
  church
• Pope

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• Clergy - Pope, Cardinal, Archbishop
• Bishop, Priest
• Religious Orders
• Monks and Friars
• some monks/friars are also priests
• live in monasteries
• Nuns
• live in convents

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Catholic Church Hierarchy

• pope (cardinal with the curia)
  l leader of
  the western church
• Bishop
• managed a diocese administered the
  sacraments confirmation
  and ordination
  appointed and removed parish
  priests managed
  church property
• archbishop
• had all the powers of a bishop had some authority
  over bishops and other dioceses in theprovince
• parish priest
• conducted church services administered all the
  sacraments except confirmation and ordination
  supervised moral and religious instruction and
  moral life of the community

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From PC to Middle Ages to Renaissance

• Universities
• Religious conflict
• Nomads (Mongolians)
• Trade re-emergies and brings disease