FOOD NUTRIENTS

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FOOD NUTRIENTS

• Ways nutrients are used
• PAGE 147

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Water

• Is the most important nutrient for any pet! They
  can go for long periods without food but only a
  couple of days without water.
• Keep it fresh and clean!

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• Major Ways Nutrients are Used
• Maintenance- keeping constant no gain or loss of
  weight. Usually maintenance rations are high in
  carbohydrates and fats.

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2. Growth- increase in size of body that requires
rations high in energy and protein.
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3. Reproduction- an essential part of
reproduction is proper nutrition. Reproductive
failures are a major result
from poor nutrition.
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a. Reproduction ration contains a large amount of
protein, minerals and vitamins. Reproduction
requires the LARGEST amounts. b. Improper
nutrition can affect conception rates and
breeding ability for males and females.
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4. Lactation- Time during which the female is
producing milk and needs the proper nutrients to
have a large milk production. a. Lactation
ration- diet high in protein, calcium, and
phosphorus. The same nutrients contained in the
milk are the same needed by a lactating female.
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b. Babies that are underweight at birth, or
aborted fetuses are often the result of improper
nutrition of mother during gestation.
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5. Work and activity a. Increased amounts of
fats and carbohydrates are needed in a working
diet to supply the extra energy
needed. EX)Hunting dogs need special diets
because they require energy to chase after game.
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Types of feed and use PAGE 148 Foodstuff-
ingredients humans eat (food) Feedstuff-
ingredients for making animal food
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Feed- where the animals get their nutrients from
the food they eat.
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Palatability- taste, an animal liking the feed
its eating. A feed good in nutrients is no good
if it wont get eaten. Means the diet is
digestible and appeals to animal.
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Feed classification a. Roughages (or forages) -
made up of leaves and the plants stems. b.
Concentrates-recommended for small animals as a
regular part of their diet because it is high in
energy or protein.
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Concentrates
Roughages
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1) High energy diets include corn, wheat,
sorghum, barley, rye, and oats. 2) High protein
diets include soybean oil meal, cottonseed oil
meal, and sunflower meals.
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c. Supplements- feed material that contains a
specific nutrient. d. Ration-a feed that
contains the right amount and
proportion of nutrients.
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Diet- feed amount and type found in a ration that
an animal receives. 1) Base on animal needs at
time
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2) Vary according to nutrients contained in
feed. 3) Includes water 4) Kinds and amounts of
nutrients found in feed
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Diets for specific animals
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Dogs Ration for pregnant dogs increase rations as
weight increases should be fed 3-4 times a day
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Puppies need diet higher in protein than adults
and food intake is regulated by activity
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Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in
dogs.
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15 lbs.
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Cats Need twice as much protein as dogs 10 of
diet should be fat and use a commercial feed
variety 30 protein needed
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It is common for people to think that kittens and
cats need milk. This is not true! In fact, large
amounts of milk will give your kitty diarrhea.
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Pets on DIETS?
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Scientific studies have confirmed that 20 of
cats are overweight.
Experts consider a dog obese when he or she
weighs over 15 of the optimum weight for its
species
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• Scatter the food to get them to have to eat more
  slowly
• Feed only twice a day, no ungoverned meals
• Decrease their feed amounts by 25
• Get creative and exercise your pet

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POCKET PET DIETS
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1.It is best to feed ALL pocket pets a
pellet.2.If mixing ration, should have a wide
range of food.3. Diet needs to be consistent
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Rabbits Pellet type of commercial feed is best
(they will pick out and leave other uneaten if
not pelleted) Avoid feeding leafy green vegetables
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Rabbits have a large stomach for their body size
to enable them to eat large amounts of plant
material quickly.
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They are crepuscular, meaning they eat primarily
at dawn and at dusk.
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• Salt block If you are feeding a proper
  pellet/veggie mix, salt blocks are not a
  necessary part of your rabbit's diet. However,
  many rabbits enjoy going to a salt block daily --
  it is not harmful for your rabbit to do so

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Hamsters a. Best to use pellet type
commercial b. If mixing ration should have a
wide range of food c. Diet needs to be consistent
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An inadequate diet can result in fur loss,
wasting, and lethargy
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FOOD BOWL OR NOT? Hamsters hoard food, if a full
bowl is kept then usually they wont hoard it
they think it is their own stash
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Wet tail

• Diarrhea in hamsters, can be a sign of a bad diet
  or bacterial infection

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• Gerbils
• Need some green food in their diet
• Need about 22 protein

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• Rats
• Can have dog
• food substituted
• Need 20-27 protein in their diets

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Rats need higher fiber than mice. Nuts and
sunflower seeds are great sources.
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Mice Rats will not overeat, but mice and rats
will pick out sweeter food.
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Rodents need to gnaw.
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FERRETS Are strictly carnivores
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Ferrets have a quick metabolism and a short
digestive system, so need to eat frequently
(usually every 3-4 hours).
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Ferrets need a diet that is a minimum of 34-36
protein and approximately 20 fat (and low
fiber).
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Ferrets can eat cat food but it is not
recommended that this is all they eat. Need high
meat protein, high fat,
low vegetable matter diets
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Ferret kibble diet is best suggested food by most
vets
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Guinea pigs need solid food to dull their teeth
and a certain amount of vitamin C
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Feed your Guinea pig every morning and evening
and make sure they have timothy hay throughout
the day.
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Chinchillas
Diet consists of hay, chinchilla pellets and
water
Treats for chinchillas can be dried fruit
or yogurt. Timothy hay is better than
alfalfa hay.
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• Raisins are also a very big thing for treats for
  chinchillas as well as dried banana.
• Dried apricots, papaya, and pineapples are also
  good.
• Papaya and pineapple are good sources to help
  prevent hair balls in chinchillas.

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For pregnant females, give them a some cranberry
juice after they give birth to their babies. Some
females don't have milk for their babies because
of lack of calcium in their diet.
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Amphibians a. Amphibians eat insects and worms
(if the amphibian is large enough) b. Tadpoles
will eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food
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slugs
Wood lice
Frozen blood worms
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crickets, earthworms, termites, mealworms,
wingless fruit flies, wax worms, pinkie mice
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Live food is best for amphibians
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Turtles pieces of meat or liver will do, but
strawberries and other fruits can also be fed
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Feed young turtles a small amount daily or every
other day. Adults can be fed every 2 days.
PROTEIN should make up about 50 of the diet
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VEGETABLES make up about 30 of the turtles
diet
FRUITS make up about 10 of the diet
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• Snakes in captivity eat a variety of items
• Rats
• Mice
• Rabbits
• Guinea pigs
• Etc

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Pet snakes are usually fed once every 1-2 weeks.
Juveniles and adults for which a relatively rapid
growth rate is desired can be fed more
frequently.

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Older snakes are usually fed less frequently,
often once every 3-6 weeks.
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Python eating a wallaby at zoo
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LIZARDS
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LIZARDS must have VARIETY!
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Geckos
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Pinkies can also be fed (baby mice)
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Youth that are growing need to be fed more often
than older lizards
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GUT LOADING

• Insects need to be fed vitamins before you feed
  them to a lizard.
• EX)Potato flakes, kitty chow, cabbage, carrots,
  potatoes

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Birds Diet mostly consist of seeds Cereal seeds
and oil seeds will do Fruit nectar birds eat
oranges, grapes, and apple slices
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FEEDING FISH

• Fish can be herbivores, carnivores or omnivores
• Most all aquarium fish are omnivores

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Herbivores

• Plecos, algae eaters, pacus, African cichlids
• Algae wafers, lettuce, zucchini

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Omnivores

• Catfish, mollies, crayfish, goldfish
• Feed staple flake food diet or pellets

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Carnivores

• Betas, needlefish, Jack Dempsey, Oscar
• Feed a diet of brine shrimp, tubifex worms,
  bloodworms, feeder fish

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Fish Should be given a variety of foods so they
dont get bored
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Shrimp, krill, and plankton are ideas for larger
fish Flakes are good for smaller fish
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Amount fish eats is relative to temperature of
water, kind of fish, and stage of life. Amount
fish is fed should be amount it can eat in a few
minutes to avoid contaminating water. The higher
the water temperature the more the fish will eat.