ADVANCED APPLIED EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

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ADVANCED APPLIED EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC
451 / APSY 610 SIMULATION 29 July 2005 Dean
Owen
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NATURAL SIMULATIONS
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Male jumping spider.
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SIMULTION OF DYNAMICSRobert Jackson, Zoology

• Jumping spiders have good vision prey spiders
  have poor vision, but good sensitivity to
  vibrations.
• Jumping spiders jerk on a prey spider's web to
  mimic a struggling insect, then eat the spider
  when it rushes out.

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Jacksons jumping spider contd

• They also stamp on the outside of a curled leaf
  to get a female prey spider to come out.
• This mimics what the male of her species does to
  find out if she is receptive.
• Jackson recorded the vibrations produced, then
  simulated them using an electromagnet on a web to
  show control of prey spider behavior.
  contd

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In the corner, Vance was putting the move on two
females unaware that his fake hood had begun
to slip.
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COGNITIVE SIMULATION

• I have found that in this business, one of the
  most important things is sincerity.
• If you can fake that, you can do just about
  anything.
• Kinky Friedman, 1987

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Geometric simulation
Created an affordance as a by-product of creating
a disguise.

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Acoustic simulation
Virtual monster affords avoiding.
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Cecily got ready to lift her 28-kg cabin bag as
nonchalantly as possible.
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Kinematics Specifies Dynamics simulation in
the information domain.
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Artificial fragrance

• Misperceived as an edible substance

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THREE CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH
THEORY DRIVEN
PRINCIPLE DRIVEN
PROBLEM DRIVEN
BASIC RESEARCH
APPLICABLE RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
REAL-WORLD EXPERIMENTS
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Extreme familiarity with a skill makes actions
automatic,so we can perform two tasks
simultaneously.
But can we?
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DRIVEN TO DISTRATION

• Many, including the California Highway Patrol,
  believe cell phone and high-tech inattention is
  greatly underreported because most offenders
  don't admit to it.
• It is difficult to gauge what overloads one
  driver and doesn't distract another.
• It's kind of a new frontier in the study of human
  factors and human engineering."

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REAL-WORLD SURVEY

• Participants 699 drivers with cellphones who
  were involved in non-injury road crashes.
• Used phone company records to identify calls made
  and received.
• Compared phone use just before crash with use at
  the same time on days before crash.
• Risk of collision is four times higher while
  using a cell phone.
• Hands free cellphones also produced an elevated
  risk.

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REAL-WORLD SIMULATIONS

• Civil Defence Exercise Pandora requires 4 more
  volunteer casualties for Saturday 21st September.
  
• Time required will be about 12.30pm to 2.00pm.
• Ken Strongmans surf rescue story.
• Neville Blampieds fire rescue story.

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SIMULATIONTO THE MAX
Santa Fe
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• The Phelps Dodge mining company, built Playas
  from scratch in the 1970s for workers at their
  copper smelter.
• The Department of Homeland Security is channeling
  5 million to the New Mexico Institute of Mining
  and Technology to buy the entire town.
• New Mexico Tech (1,800 students) has trained more
  than 90,000 emergency workers since the bombing
  of the Oklahoma City federal building in 1995.
  contd

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• It is also currently receiving 20m in grants
  from the Department of Homeland Security for its
  antiterrorism programmes.
• The university aims to turn Playas into one of
  the country's top locations for anti-terrorism
  training.
• "It's an urban environment in which we can
  control everything - the electricity, the water
  and the people," said Vice-president Van Romero.
  contd

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• The town has all the characteristics of a
  contemporary American community
• 259 ranch-style homes, churches, bank, health
  clinic,
• the Feelgood Lounge, the Copper Pins bowling
  alley,
• swimming pool, baseball diamonds, rodeo ring,
  and shooting range. contd 

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• It also has some unusual features for a town its
  size
• an airstrip capable of handling small jets,
• a helicopter pad, and
• underground electric wiring connecting every
  home to the grid.
• Plus, it is mainly empty.
  contd

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• The lack of tall buildings is not considered a
  problem.
• New Mexico Tech will leave those simulations to
  Texas AM, which operates a facility in College
  Station, Texas, called Disaster City, where
  high-rises can be collapsed in a mock disaster
  setting. contd 

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• Playas will be used mostly to train security,
  medical and military personnel to prevent attacks
  as well as respond to them.
• Students will use the town to enact scenarios to
  learn to stop or prevent terrorist attacks before
  they happen.
• Emergency workers will use the site to simulate
  suicide bombings, anthrax attacks and
  water-supply poisonings. contd

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• The residents of Playas, all 50 or so remaining
  from the peak of 1,000, say they are ready for
  their town to become a target for pickups laden
  with explosives.
• Romero said he would not ask residents to leave
  before the "attacks.

"On the contrary, we'd like to have them stay."

"We're going to make it as safe as possible for
them."

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Modeling Human Error in anAir Traffic Control
EnvironmentRichard Pew, 2004, Bolt, Beranek,
Newman

• Proposing to model the vagaries of human error
  might seem unreasonably ambitious.
• We believe that the same features of human
  performance that lead to robust, intelligent
  behavior, can also induce human-like errors.
• Using a cognitive architecture, we built an
  agent-based simulation of the behavior of a
  commercial aviation aircrew.
  contd 

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Modeling Human Error contd

• NASA provided a data base of aircraft simulation
  runs from final approach to taxiing to the
  arrival gate at O'Hare Airport in which the
  aircrews made approximately 15 erroneous turns.
• Using concepts of competition between expectation
  and remembered instructions, divided attention,
  and dynamic priority setting, with a modicum of
  reverse engineering, we were able to explain and
  model several of the kinds of errors the crews
  made, along with their successes.

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LACK OF REALISM

• Success kept eluding a British firm trying to
  break into the lucrative American market with a
  shatter-proof aircraft windscreen to reduce
  dangers of bird strike.
• Dead chickens fired from a cannon kept crashing
  through even their toughest glass.
• Then a visiting expert from the U. S. Federal
  Aviation Authority saw they were storing the
  birds in a freezer.
• First," he said, "you're supposed to defrost
  them."

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CRITERION FOR REALISM

• A simulation system is realistic to the extent
  that it supports the actions supported by the
  system that it simulates.

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CRITERION FOR REALISM

• Adult kiwis fight rats and possums, and males
  will kick each other to death to protect the eggs
  they incubate.
• Ornithologist John McLennan exploits the bird's
  feistiness to gather North Island brown kiwis for
  tagging.
• He simply simulates a kiwi call on a plastic dog
  whistle and waits.
• They think there's an intruder on their patch,"
  he says.
• "They'll come galloping in and you can grab them
  as they run past. TIME, 9 February 1998

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U.S. Civil War cavalry training simulator
(1860s).
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Addition of a motion base interactive task.
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Addition of a virtual bucking horse rodeo
environment.
Allan McInnes
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VIRTUAL REALITY SIMULATION

• Most laboratory experiments are simulations of
  some sort.
• But most are reductionistic relative to any
  real-world reference situation.
• Virtual reality simulations are synthetic, with
  many constraints that match real-world
  constraints.
• This allows observation of emergent properties of
  behaviours in interactive situations.

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DETAIL REALISM

• The usefulness of any simulation process relies
  upon the accuracy to which one system can be
  represented by another.
• In the case of pilot training, a flight simulator
  must be able to convince the pilot that he or she
  is actually inside a real plane.
• There can be no real place for features that
  destroy the simulator's credibility as an
  alternative reality, which implies that attention
  to detail is vital. Vince, 1993

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A Fat Elvis impersonator,if Elvis had lived
longer. 
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DADDY NURSEREGO EXTENSION BY SIMULATION
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Denton, 1981
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National Advanced Driving Simulator
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DRIVING SIMULATOR

• Four hours' sleep last night, a glass of wine at
  the office party, an antihistamine for a stuffy
  nose, and here comes a car full of teens,
  head-on, drifting into your lane.
• Be glad you're in the National Driving
  Simulator. Sam Hooper Samuels
  DISCOVER, 23, 2002

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SIMULATION REALISM

• Engineers at the Japanese company Toto design
  toilets by using computer models.
• Then they test the toilets, not by flushing 5-cm
  balls down the trap, as Americans have done,
• but by flushing a newly created, supposedly more
  realistic substance using a Japanese soy compound
  called miso.
• Buoyancy is in the domain of dynamics.

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I made it out of soap.
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Hybrid simulation
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Swimex current simulator Top speed 10.5 km/hr
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SIMULATION REALISM

• To mark Teachers Day, an 11-year-old Chinese boy
  gave his grandmother a plastic severed head as a
  joke gift.
• Upon opening the gift-wrapped head, the retired
  teacher in her 70s died from a stroke.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL REALITYOF A SIMULATION

• A woman filed for divorce after finding an
  inflatable doll in the attic of their house.
• The mother of two said she could not accept the
  idea of being cheated on
• even if her rival was an inflatable doll.
• The court granted the divorce.

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KYLIE KILLS ROMANCE

• An English publican and his girlfriend have
  broken up because she refuses to share their bed
  with a life-size cardboard cutout of Kylie
  Minogue.
• His girlfriend walked out, saying It's Kylie or
  me - get her out of here.
  contd

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ROMANCE contd

• The man, 26, said "I have lost girlfriends
  before because of Kylie."
• He said that in spite of being two dimensional,
  the cutout was very lifelike.
• He told his girlfriend that his relationship with
  the cutout was nothing sexual,
• but she became suspicious when she found
  papercuts on his body.

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ACTION CRITERION FOR REALISM

• Nothing pedestrian crossing guard Dale Rooks
  did waving, signalling, even screaming made
  speedsters slow down outside a Florida primary
  school.
• Then he got out his hair dryer and wrapped it
  with electrical tape.
• When drivers see it aimed at them they hit the
  brakes, thinking it is a radar gun.
• Now everyone slows down approaching the school.

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ACTION CRITERION FORSIMULATION REALISM

• A German TV networks regular early morning video
  of a burning log is playing havoc with night
  owls.
• A woman woke up thinking her television was on
  fire.
• She called emergency services and alerted her
  neighbours.
• The fire brigade rushed in and extinguished the
  blaze using the television remote control.

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The Haunted Swing

• The illusion is based on the movements of the
  room proper.
• During the entire exhibition the swing is
  practically stationary, while the room rotates
  about the suspending bar.
• Even though one is informed of the secret before
  entering the swing, the deception is so complete
  that passengers involuntarily seize the arms of
  the seats to avoid being precipitated
  below. Hopkins, 1898

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The Haunted Swing
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The phenomenal experience.
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Background
Cf

• Life in a space station - Cooper 1976
• The Velcro-dart set

Orbital Radius
NASA shuttle VR program
Pneumatic potato launching cannon
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The Pneumatic Cannon
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1-G Path 0-G Path
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Experiment 3 negative transfer tests

• Procedure
• A1-g to V0-g to A1-g
• 2 sets of 4 sessions (15 shots), 1 week apart

• Results
• Learning in each environment
• Negative transfer found

Session
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• END
• 29-7-05