CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM

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CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM As stated in the Georgia
Perimeter College Catalog, "Cheating is contrary
to the policy of Georgia Perimeter College.
Cheating includes any attempt to defraud,
deceive, or mislead the instructor in arriving at
an honest grade assessment."  Plagiarism is a
form of cheating that involves presenting as
one's own the ideas or work of another. Any
student found by the instructor to have engaged
in academic misconduct on a graded test,
assignment, or project will be assigned a grade
of "F" for the course and may be dismissed from
the class or recommended to the Student Court for
expulsion from the college.
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June 15th lecture Chapter 7 and Chapter
8 (Appendicular Skeleton Joints)
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Hand

• Skeleton of the hand contains
• wrist bones (carpals),
• bones of the palm (metacarpals),
• bones of the fingers (phalanges)

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Carpus (Wrist)

• Consists of eight bones
• 4 proximal bones
• 4 distal bones

Metacarpus (Palm)

• Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from
  the wrist to form the palm
• Their bases articulate with the carpals
  proximally, and with each other medially and
  laterally
• Heads articulate with the phalanges

Phalanges (Fingers)

• Each hand contains 14 long bones called phalanges
• Fingers are numbered 1-5, beginning with the
  thumb
• Each finger (except the thumb with no middle) has
  three phalanges distal, middle, and proximal

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Hand
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Pelvic Girdle (Hip)

• The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (os
  coxae, or coxal)
• Together with the sacrum and coccyx, these bones
  form the pelvis
• The pelvis
• Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
  with the strongest ligaments of the body
• Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower
  limbs
• Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis

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Ilium

• The ilium is a large flaring bone that forms the
  superior region of the coxal bone
• It consists of a body and a superior winglike
  portion called the ala
• The broad posterolateral surface is called the
  gluteal surface
• The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum
  (sacroiliac joint)

Lateral view
Medial view
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Ischium

• The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the
  hip bone

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Pubis

• The pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the
  hip bone
• Major markings include the pubic symphysis, and
  obturator foramen (along with ilium and ischium)

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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure

• Female pelvis
• Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing
• True pelvis defines birth canal
• Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and
  has greater capacity
• Male pelvis
• Tilted less forward
• Adapted for support of heavier male build and
  stronger muscles
• Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep

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The Lower Limb

• The three segments of the lower limb are thigh,
  leg, and foot
• They carry the weight of the erect body, and are
  subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or
  runs

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Femur

• The sole bone of the thigh is the femur, the
  largest and strongest bone in the body
• It articulates proximally with the hip and
  distally with the tibia and fibula

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Leg

• The tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the leg
• Connected to each other by the interosseous
  membrane
• Articulate with the femur proximally and with the
  ankle bones distally
• They also articulate with each other via the
  immovable tibiofibular joints

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Tibia

• Receives the weight of the body from the femur
  and transmits it to the foot

Fibula

• Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends
  located laterally to the tibia

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Foot

• The skeleton of the foot includes the tarsus,
  metatarsus, and the phalanges (toes)
• The foot supports body weight and acts as a lever
  to propel the body forward in walking and running

Figure 7.31a
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Tarsus

• Composed of 7 bones that form the posterior half
  of the foot
• Body weight is carried primarily on the talus and
  calcaneus
• Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula
  superiorly, and the calcaneus inferiorly

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Calcaneus

• Forms the heel of the foot
• Carries the talus on its superior surface
• Point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles)
  tendon of the calf muscles

Metatarsus and Phalanges

• Metatarsals
• Five (1-5) long bones that articulate with the
  proximal phalanges
• The enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the ball
  of the foot
• Phalanges
• The 14 bones of the toes
• Each digit has three phalanges except the hallux,
  which has no middle phalanx

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Metatarsus and Phalanges
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Arches of the Foot

• The foot has three arches maintained by
  interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments
• Arches allow the foot to hold up weight
• The arches are
• Lateral longitudinal
• Medial longitudinal
• Transverse

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Joints (Articulations)

• Weakest parts of the skeleton
• Articulation site where two or more bones meet
• Functions of joints
• Give the skeleton mobility
• Hold the skeleton together

Classification of Joints Structural

• Structural classification focuses on the material
  binding bones together and whether or not a joint
  cavity is present
• The three structural classifications are
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

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Classification of Joints Functional

• Functional classification is based on the amount
  of movement allowed by the joint
• The three functional classes of joints are
• Synarthroses immovable
• Amphiarthroses slightly movable
• Diarthroses freely movable

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Fibrous Structural Joints

• The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
• There is no joint cavity
• Most are immovable
• There are three types
• sutures,
• syndesmoses,
• gomphoses

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Fibrous Structural Joints Sutures

• Occur between the bones of the skull
• Comprised of interlocking junctions
• Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth
  during youth
• In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called
  synostoses

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Fibrous Structural Joints Syndesmoses

• Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament
• Movement varies from immovable to slightly
  variable
• Examples include the connection between the tibia
  and fibula, and the radius and ulna

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Fibrous Structural Joints Gomphoses

• The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth
  and its alveolar socket
• The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Articulating bones are united by cartilage
• Lack a joint cavity
• Two types
• synchondroses
• symphyses

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Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses

• A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the
  bones
• All synchondroses are synarthrotic (immovable)
• Examples include
• Epiphyseal plates of children
• Joint between the costal cartilage of the first
  rib and the sternum

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Cartilaginous Joints Symphyses

• Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface
  of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of
  fibrocartilage
• Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) joints designed
  for strength and flexibility
• Examples include intervertebral joints and the
  pubic symphysis of the pelvis

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Synovial Joints

• Those joints in which the articulating bones are
  separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
• All are freely movable diarthroses
• Examples all limb joints, and most joints of
  the body

Synovial Joints General Structure

• Synovial joints all have the following
• Articular cartilage
• Joint (synovial) cavity
• Articular capsule
• Synovial fluid
• Reinforcing ligaments

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Synovial Joints General Structure

• Synovial joints all have the following
• Articular cartilage - Joint (synovial) cavity
• Articular capsule - Synovial fluid
• Reinforcing ligaments

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Synovial Joints Friction-Reducing Structures

• Bursae flattened, fibrous sacs lined with
  synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
• Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons,
  or bones rub together
• Tendon sheath elongated bursa that wraps
  completely around a tendon

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Synovial Joints Stability

• Stability is determined by
• Articular surfaces shape determines what
  movements are possible
• Ligaments unite bones and prevent excessive or
  undesirable motion
• Muscle tone is accomplished by
• Muscle tendons across joints acting as
  stabilizing factors
• Tendons that are kept tight at all times by
  muscle tone

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Synovial Joints Movement

• The two muscle attachments across a joint are
• Origin attachment to the immovable bone
• Insertion attachment to the movable bone

Synovial Joints Range of Motion

• Nonaxial slipping movements only
• Uniaxial movement in one plane
• Biaxial movement in two planes
• Multiaxial movement in or around all three
  planes

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Types of Synovial Joints
Plane joints Hinge jointsPivot
joints Condyloid joints
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Types of Synovial Joints (continued)
Saddle joints Ball-and-socket joints
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Writing AssignmentsDue Thursday July
13thObserve the following guidelineshttp//ww
w.gpc.edu/ddonald/biolab/report.htm
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Writing Assignment 1Describe the different
structural levels of organization of DNA (i.e.
how DNA is packaged in the nucleus) Monique
BerryJasmin BloodsoeMargaret BurksMildred
BurrisLibya BurroughsTiffany EdwardsOmanoye
EkeYasmine EllisonLaKeeshea Gardner
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Writing Assignment 2Compare and contrast
slow- and fast- skeletal muscle fiber
typesJennifer HarrisShandria HeardEveline
HypoliteAndrea JacksonSamson LemlemNadine
MarcelusTam McBrideMichelle McWhorterSaron
Morgan
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Writing Assignment 3The importance of control
of cell replication in preventing cells from
turning cancerousDenise RandolphSylvia
RobersonShonda Rucker WilliamsonShanta
SlatonSheletta SloughBoatema SonyikaShantorius
StacksFalana TempleEulisa Waites Jackson