Engineering History

1
EngineeringHistory
2
Why is it important to take notes during this
presentation?
It helps you remember. It gives you a way to
review for the final. You can use your notes on
the quiz next class.
3
We will discuss
When did engineering begin? Who were the first
engineers? What were the first engineering
designs?
4
Your Assignment
Pay attention this presentation will help you
complete your assignment.
Your assignment will be to answer the following
questions What is an Engineer? Describe what
you think might have been the greatest invention
of all time (not including the last two hundred
years). Describe an instance when you have
invented anything or found a solution that has
been useful to others.
5
The Beginnings of Engineering 6000 - 3000 B.C.
in Asia Minor
http//www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.g
if
6
The Beginnings of Engineering 6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers)
• They were becoming less nomadic and more what?

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hun
ter_gatherer.jpg
7
The Beginnings of Engineering 6000 - 3000 B.C.

• The Agrarian Society (agriculture)
• forms the basis of civilization
• cultivate plants - the need for increased food
  production
• domesticate animals - for food and work
• build permanent houses in community group

http//thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06
_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html
8
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Increased food production permitted time to
  engage in other activities such as
• Government
• A Ruler makes laws that stabilize community life
  land ownership

9
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• The results of Government
• organize work force
• beginnings of a class society
• supervisors
• foremen
• workers - artisans

http//www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/image
s/p4_lesson3.gif
10
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Artisans are considered to be the first engineers
• Why?

http//www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/03/0503261
01411.jpg
11
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Early Achievements in this Era
• People discovered methods of producing fire at
  will

http//www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm
12
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Early Achievements in this Era
• Stone Age 600,000-5000 B.C.
• People discovered how to use rocks as tools.

http//www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/co
llectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg
13
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Early Achievements in this Era
• Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C.
• People learn how to shape soft metals into tools.

http//www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_ag
e.html
14
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Early Achievements in this Era
• Bronze Age 3000-2000 B.C.
• Mixing different kinds of metals could make
  better tools.

http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-comm
ons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jp
g
15
The Beginnings of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Early Achievements in this Era
• Development of a system of symbols for written
  communications

http//www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html
16
The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
• Irrigation systems to promote crop growth

http//www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-ira
n.jpg
17
The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
• Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines.

http//www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_
okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg
http//www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg
http//etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windm
i_24788_md.gif
18
The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
• The wheel and axle
• Plow
• Yoke

http//www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg
http//www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/
yoke.jpg
19
The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Mesopotamia cradle of civilization
• Clay tile material used for permanent
  documentation
• Clay tablets unearthed which show
• maps of caravan routes
• including mountains, cities
• and water
• city plans
• irrigation systems
• water supply systems

20
Mesopotamia
21
Tigris River
Euphrates River
22
Clay Tablet
23
Also called Cuneiform
24
The Beginning of Engineering6000 - 3000 B.C.

• Outstanding contributions of mathematics
• Sexagesimal system
• divided circle into 360 degrees
• hour into 60 minutes
• minute into 60 seconds

25
Engineering in Early Civilizations3000 -600 B.C.

• Babylonian engineers
• Among the first scientific engineers
• Familiar with basic math
• Could figure out areas and volumes of land
  excavations
• Number system based on 60 instead of 10
• Buildings were constructed using basic
  engineering principles still used today

http//www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03
/barry/barrywall.jpg
26
Engineering in Early Civilizations3000 -600 B.C.

• Babylonian engineers
• Primitive arches used in moving water
  (hydraulics)
• Bridges were built with stone piers carrying
  wooden stringers

http//www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/
27
Engineering in Early Civilizations3000 -600 B.C.

• Babylonian engineers
• Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring
  asphalt, a construction system not used again
  until the nineteenth century

http//www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/J
peg/full171387.jpg
The first recorded use of asphalt (bitumen) as a
road building material was in Babylon around 625
B.C., in the reign of King Naboppolassar. 
http//www.hotmix.org/history.php
28
Map of Babylon
29
Gardens of Babylon
30
Engineering in Early Civilizations3000 -600 B.C.

• Egyptian Engineers
• Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years
• 2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to
  build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu
• Outstanding examples of engineering skills in
  land measurement and building layout -transit and
  level
• Irrigation systems

www.greatbuildings.com
31
Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Engineering in Greece
• Had its origin in Egypt
• Better known for the intensive development of
  borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention
• Famous for outstanding philosophers
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist)
  and Archimedes (mathematics)

32
Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Engineering in Greece
• Use of ideas was retarded because of the belief
  that verification and experimentation, which
  required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.

http//www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.j
pg
33
Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Engineering in Greece
• Even so, greeks were able to come up with a few
  useful ideas
• Archimedes water screw
• Crossbow
• Catapult

34
Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Roman Engineering
• Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering
  knowledge from the countries they conquered for
  use in warfare and in their public works
• Superior in the application of ideas and
  techniques

35
Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Heros Inventions
• Gear driven odometer on chariot
• Steam turbine
• Hydraulic clock
• Fire engine

• All ideas stolen from Hero by the Romans
• Who was Greek

36
Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Roman Engineering
• Roman road systems- subbase, compact base,
  topcoat 180,000 miles

http//www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_
f11a.jpg
37
Science of the Greeks and Romans 600 B.C. - 400
A.D.

• Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts for
• Water supply
• Sanitary systems
• Engineering principles applies to military
  tactics

38
Engineering in the Middle Ages 1st to 16th
Centuries

• Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th
  centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but
  was it?
• The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies
  in the Latin word ingeniare, to design or
  devise

39
Engineering in the Middle Ages 1st to 16th
Centuries

• Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th
  centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but
  was it?
• Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans
  as the power source Arabs were developing paper
  making, chemistry, and optics

40
Engineering in the Middle Ages 1st to 16th
Centuries

• Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th
  centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but
  was it?
• Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume
  distilling became part of the culture

41
Engineering in the Middle Ages 1st to 16th
Centuries

• Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th
  centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but
  was it?
• Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical
  instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and
  gunpowder

42
Engineering in the Middle Ages 1st to 16th
Centuries

• Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the
  first books printed on paper
• Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist,
  was also an engineer, inventor and architect
• Military and civil engineering feats such as
  catapults bridges and buildings
• Sketches of future engineering devices such as
• Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge
• Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal
  Joint
• Tanks

43
The Revival of Science17th and 18th Centuries

• Galileo Discovers
• Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body
  achieves while falling, is independent of weight
• Earth moves around the sun
• Torricelli and Pascal Discovers
• hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer
• Boyle Discovers
• expansion quality of air and the correlation
  between temperature, volume, and pressure

44
The Revival of Science17th and 18th Centuries

• Hooke Discovers
• material lengthens in proportion to the force
  exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in
  compression it shortens in a similar fashion
• Huygens develops
• spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and
  measures gravitational acceleration
• Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of
  motion
• developed differential calculus, essential to
  mathematical analysis of most physical systems

45
The Revival of Science17th and 18th Centuries

• The Developing Industrial Age
• James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron
  furnaces, rolling mills and other industries
• Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the
  spinning and weaving machinery
• Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to
  hold a static electrical charge, now called the
  leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor
• Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical
  conduction
• Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric
  battery

46
Beginnings of Modern Science 19th Century

• Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of
  electrical current, leading to the science of
  electrodynamics
• Michael Faraday found the means to generate
  electricity by moving a conductor through a
  magnetic field
• Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the
  transmission of electric signals through space
  Marconi was awarded a patent for the same
  achievement a year later
• Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron
• James Watt refines and produces an efficient
  steam engine
• At last good iron for machines and power plants
  to operate the machinery

47
20th Century Technology

• Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and
  mass production emerges
• Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical
  equipment and electron tubes which starts the
  widespread use of power systems and communication
  networks
• Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical
  application of alternating current, the polyphase
  induction motor
• Orville Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft
• Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic
  chemists and chemical engineer researchers at
  duPont to develop NYLON the first of many
  synthetic fibers. The beginnings of polymer
  research

48
20th Century Technology

• Using Albert Einstein's model Emc2 scientists
  from Europe and the United States at the
  University of Chicago produce the first nuclear
  pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction
  begins.
• John Brainerd , at the University of
  Pennsylvanias Moore School of Engineering
  develop the first computer called the ENIAC.
  It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500
  square feet.
• John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
  Shockley, at Bell labs, discovered that current
  changes in one part of a diode caused current
  changes in another part of a diode and create the
  transistor.

49
20th Century Technology

• Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor
  discovers that the transistors silicon crystal
  could be made to be its own circuit board.
  transistors - the switch that controls the
  world
• Pratt Whitney develop turbojet engines
• Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707
  capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds
  of 600 mph
• Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser
  which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons,
  transmit telephone calls, track storms, to
  checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut
  fabric and to produce holograms

50
20th Century Technology

• Communication Satellites - now handle more than
  half of all transoceanic telephone, television
  and audio network program distribution

• And the list goes ON AND
• ON
• AND
• ON