Title: The Upper Extremity
1The Upper Extremity
pg 608
2Bones
pg 612
- 30 bones!!!!
- Appendicular skeleton
- Pectoral girdle
- Glenoid cavity
- Allows for mobility
- Attachments
- Upper extremity
- Arm
- humerus
- Forearm
- Radius, ulna (interosseous membrane)
- Hand
- Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- Review bones and landmarks studied in lab!!!
3Joints of Upper Extremity
pg 626-7
- Sternoclavicular
- Synovial-saddle
- Diarthrosis
- Acromioclavicular
- Synovial-plane
- Diarthrosis
- Glenohumeral joint
- Synovial-ballsocket
- Diarthrosis
- Many ligaments
- Muscle reinforcement
- Great Mobility
4Joints of the Upper Extremity
pg 681-2
- Elbow Joint
- Synovial hinge
- Diarthrosis
- Articulations
- Humerus Ulna
- Humerus Radius
- Many Ligaments
5Joints of Upper Extremity
pg 691
- Proximal Radioulnar joint
- Synovial - pivot
- Diarthrosis
- Distal Radioulnar joint
- Synovial pivot
- Diarthrosis
- Allows pronation and supination of forearm
6Joints of the Upper Extremity
Pg 711
- Radiocarpal joint
- Synovial-condyloid
- Distal radius with proximal row of carpals
- Intercarpal joints
- Synovial-plane
- Carpal-metacarpal (2-5)
- Synovial-plane
- Trapezium-metacarpal 1
- Synovial-saddle
- Metacarpal-phalangeal
- Synovial-condyloid
- Interphalangeal
- Synovial-hinge
- ALL DIARTHROSES
7Review of Naming..
- What do the following names TELL you about the
muscle? - Naming
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Flexor digitorum superficialis
- Flexor pollicis longus
- Pronator quadratus
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis
8Scapula Muscles
pg 614
- If the origin is on the scapula moves the arm
- Subscapularis
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Teres Major
- Latissimus Dorsi (partial attachment)
- Coracobrachialis
Rotator Cuff
9Scapula Muscles
pg 614
- If the insertion is on the scapula moves the
scapula - Rhomboids
- Trapezius
- Pectoralis Minor
- Serratus Ventralis
- Levator Scapulae
Use location of Insertion to determine movement!!
10Innervation of Muscles Moving Arm
11Arm Muscles
pg 667
- Cross elbow, move forearm
- 2 compartments
- Anterior
- Flexors of forearm
- Posterior
- Extensors of forearm
12Arm Muscles
pg 651
pg 671
- Anterior compartment
- Brachialis
- Biceps brachii
- Coracobrachialis
13Arm Muscles
pg 636
- Posterior compartment
- Triceps brachii
14Muscles of Arm
15Arm Muscle Innervation
- Anterior compartment
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Coracobrachialis
- Brachialis
- Biceps brachii
- Posterior compartment
- Radial nerve
- Triceps brachii
16Forearm Muscles
pg 694
- Cross elbow, wrist and finger joints
- Movement of hand and fingers
- Cross Wrist
- flex, extend, abduct, adduct hand
- Cross Fingers
- flex, extend fingers
- Proximally are fleshy
- Distally have long tendons
- Flexor and extensor retinacula
- wristbands
- Keep tendons from jumping outwards when tensed
17Forearm Muscles
pg 688
- Anterior flexor compartment
- Superficial and Deep
- Most flexors have common tendon on medial
epicondyle - Contains 2 pronators
- Posterior extensor compartment
- Superficial and Deep
- Most extensors in superficial layer have common
origin on lateral epicondyle
18Anterior Compartment of Forearm
pg 696
- Muscles Nerves
- Superficial
- Flexor digitorum superficialis brevis Median
- Flexor carpi radialis Median
- Pronator teres Median
- Palmaris longus Median
- Flexor carpi ulnaris Ulnar
- Deep
- Pronator quadratus Median
- Flexor pollicis longus Median
- Flexor digitorum profundus Ulnar (med 1/2)
Median (lat 1/2)
19Posterior Compartment of Forearm
pg 702
- Muscles Nerves
- Superficial
- Brachioradialis Radial
- Anconeus Radial
- Extensor carpi radialis longus brevis Radial
- Extensor digitorum Radial
- Extensor carpi ulnaris Radial
- Extensor digiti minimi Radial
- Deep
- Supinator Radial
- Abductor pollicis longus Radial
- Extensor pollicis longus brevis Radial
- Extensor indicus Radial
20Hand Bones
pg 711
- Carpus (8)
- True wrist
- Distal to radius/ulna
- Metacarpus (5)
- Distal to carpus
- Phalanges (14)
- Distal to metacarpus
21Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
- Muscle Nerve
- Pinky (little finger)
- All digiti minimi Ulnar (Flexor, Abductor,
Opponens) - Thumb
- Abductor pollicis brevis Median
- Flexor pollicis brevis Median
- Opponens pollicis Median
- Adductor pollicis Ulnar
- Other Intrinsic Muscles
- Palmar Dorsal Interossei Ulnar
- Lumbricals Median, Ulnar
22Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
pg 718
pg 723
Dorsal
Palmar
Lumbrical Muscles
Interossei Muscles
23Blood Supply - Veins
pg 677
- Deep veins
- Deep palmar venous arches
- Radial - forearm
- Ulnar - forearm
- Brachial arm/elbow
- Axillary axilla
- Subclavian - neck
- Superficial Veins
- Digital
- Superficial palmar venous arches
- Median forearm
- Median cubital elbow
- Blood draws!!
- Cephalic arm/forearm
- Basilic arm/forearm
24Blood Supply - Arteries
pg 675
- Subclavian (neck)
- Axillary (armpit)
- Subscapular
- Circumflex humeral arteries
- Brachial (arm)
- Deep brachial
- Radial (forearm)
- Ulnar (forearm)
- Common Interosseous
- Superficial Deep Palmar arches
- Digital
25Axilla
pg 688
- Armpit!!
- Where axillary hairs grow
- Boundaries
- Ventral
- Pectoral muscles
- Dorsal
- Latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis
- Medial
- Serratus ventralis
- Lateral
- Inetrtubercular (Bicipital) groove of humerus
- Contents
- axillary lymph nodes, axillary vessels, brachial
plexus
26Surface Anatomy of Arm
pg 688
- Cephalic Vein
- Biceps brachii
- Triceps brachii
- Olecrenon Process
- Medial Epicondyle
- Lateral Epicondyle
27Surface Anatomy of Elbow
pg 686
- Cubital Fossa
- Anterior surface elbow
- Contents
- Median Cubital Vein
- Brachial Artery
- Median Nerve
- Boundaries
- Medial Pronator teres
- Lateral Brachioradialis
- Superior Line between epicondyles
28Surface Anatomy of Hand
pg 715
- Carpal Tunnel
- Carpals concave anteriorly
- Carpal ligament covers it
- Contains long tendons, Median nerve
- Inflammation of tendons compression of Median
nerve - Anatomical Snuffbox
- Lateral E.pollicis brevis
- Medial E. pollicis longus
- Floor scaphoid, styloid of radius
- Contains Radial Artery (pulse)
29Brachial Plexus
pg 618
pg 21
- Nerve plexus
- Network of nerves formed by ventral rami
- Lies partly in neck and partly in axilla
- Gives rise to almost all nerves that supply upper
limb - Formed by intermixing of ventral rami of spinal
nerves C5-C8 and T1 - Small contributions from C4 and T2
30Brachial Plexus
pg 660
- Really Tired? Drink Coffee Buddy!
- R RAMI (ventral) (5)
- T TRUNKS (3)
- D DIVISIONS (2)
- C CORDS (3)
- B BRANCHES (Many!!)
31Rami join to form Trunks! (in neck)
- Ventral Rami Trunks
- C5 Upper Trunk
- C6
- C7 Middle Trunk
- C8
- T1 Lower Trunk
32Trunks Split to form Divisions! (in neck)
- Trunks Divisions
- Upper Anterior Posterior
- Middle Anterior Posterior
- Lower Anterior Posterior
33Divisions Join to form Cords! (in axilla)
- Trunks Division Cords
- U A Lateral
- P
- M A Medial
- P
- L A Posterior
- P
34Cords Give off Branches!! (in axilla)
- Lateral Musculocutaneous
- Median
- Medial Ulnar
- Posterior Radial Axillary (thoraco
dorsal) (subscapular)
35Brachial Plexus Cords and Branches
- Lateral
- Musculocutaneous n.
- Median n.
- Medial
- Ulnar n.
- Posterior
- Radial n.
- Axillary n.
- Thoracodorsal n.
- Subscapular n.
36Lateral Cord
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Off lateral cord
- Course
- Anterior arm
- Becomes cutaneous and gives skin sensation to
lateral forearm - Innervates
- Corocobrachialis (motor)
- Biceps brachii (motor)
- Brachialis (motor)
- Skin distal to the elbow (sensory)
- Suprascapular (not part of lateral cord)
- Runs with suprascapular artery and vein C5, C6
- Innervates
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
37Medial Cord
- Ulnar nerve
- Course
- Comes off medial cord
- Descends along medial side of arm
- Passes posterior to medial epicondyle
- Follows the ulna
- Superficial to carpal tunnel into hand
- Branches to supply intrinsics and skin
- Innervates
- Flexor carpi ulnaris (motor)
- Flexor digitorum profundus (motor)
- Most intrinsic hand muscles (motor)
- Dorsal branch supplies skin of medial 2/3 of hand
(sensory)
38Both Medial and Lateral Cords
- Median nerve
- Course
- Middle of brachial plexus (from lateral and
medial cords) - Does not branch in arm
- Distal to elbow provides many branches to most
forearm flexors - Passes through carpal tunnel to hand to lateral
palmar intrinsics - Innervates
- Anterior forearm (motor)
- Most flexors, some intrinsics (thumb)
- 2/3 Lateral palm (sensory)
- Dorsum of fingers 2 and 3 (sensory)
39Posterior Cord
- Radial nerve
- Largest branch of brachial plexus
- Comes from posterior cord
- Course
- Through arm
- Around humerus
- Around lateral epicondyle (then divides)
- Innervates
- Posterior muscles of arm and forearm
- Triceps brachii, anconeus, supinator,
brachioradialis - Divides in forearm
- Superficial
- Skin of arm and dorsolateral surface of hand
- Deep
- Extensor muscles of forearm (eg ext. carpi
radialis L B)
40Posterior Cord (continued)
- Axillary nerve
- Branches off posterior cord
- Course
- Runs posterior to humerus
- Runs with caudal humeral circumflex artery
- Innervates
- Deltoid and teres minor (motor)
- Capsule of shoulder, skin of shoulder (sensory)
- Subscapular nerve
- Innervates
- Subscapularis, Teres major
- Thoracodorsal nerve
- Course
- Runs with thoracodorsal artery and nerve
- Innervates
- Latissimus dorsi
41Cutaneous Innervation to Hand
pg 620, 727, 729
42Nerve Damage
pg 737-8
- Ulnar nerve
- Claw hand
- Inability to extend fingers at interphalangeal
joints, results in permanent flexion claw - Median nerve
- Ape hand
- Inability to oppose thumb
- Radial nerve
- Wrist drop
- Inability to extend the hand, inability to fully
extend forearm