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Conserving Soils

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Conserving Soils. Randall H. Zondag. The Ohio State University Extension ... New roots may grow into mulch elevating the root system. Creates a 'rodent haven. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Conserving Soils


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Conserving Soils
Randall H. Zondag The Ohio State University
Extension- Lake County
Ohio Nursery Short Course January 2007
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Information on this Program
  • My Website
  • http//lake.osu.edu
  • Links
  • Weather stations
  • Pest Management Information
  • Programs

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The Four Main Components of Soil are
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Soils are a combination of weathered rock,
organic matter, and a vast complex of living
organisms.
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SOIL From the Ground, Up!
Soil Properties
They are not independent they interact to
affect soil characteristics
Biological
Physical
Chemical
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  • How Do We Lose Our Soil ?
  • Water Erosion

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  • How Do We Lose Our Soil ?
  • Water Erosion
  • Wind Erosion

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  • How Do We Lose Our Soil ?
  • Water Erosion
  • Wind Erosion
  • Harvesting

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How Big Does a Ball Have To Be ? 20 inches or
less in diameter 75 of diameter 20 inch ball
should be at least 15 inches deep 20 to 30 inch
diameter balls no less than 2/3 or 66 2/3 30
inch ball about 20 inches deep 30 to 48 inch
diameter ball no less than 60 or 3/5 of diameter
40 inch ball should be no less than 24 inches
deep
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If I Dig a 40 Inch Ball How Much Soil Have I
Removed ?
  • 8.7 square feet surface area
  • 2 feet deep
  • 17.4 cubic feet of soil
  • 0.143 per cubic foot
  • Total 2.49

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How Is Your Soil Worth ?
  • 43560 square feet in a acre
  • 4 foot digging depth 174240 cubic feet
  • 10,000 per acre at 10 interest
  • 15 year digging time
  • Cost per cubic foot of greenhouse 0.143 per acre
    .

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Native Soils
A Horizon more air and biological activity B
Horizon lighter color, less air color of
subsoil will help determine the amount of air in
the soil Bed rock or parent material
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Topsoil Removed
Topsoil Stockpiled
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Compaction
Compaction decreases macropores by crushing
aggregates. Micropores cannot be reduced unless
soil particles fracture, so they usually increase
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Activities of Organic Material and Mulch
  • Reduces compaction in the subsoil.

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Activities of Organic Material and Mulch
  • Reduces compaction in the subsoil.
  • Decomposed organic material binds soil particles
    together to form structure.

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Activities of Organic Material and Mulch
  • Reduces compaction in the subsoil.
  • Decomposed organic material binds soil particles
    together to form structure.
  • Feed the soil food chain.

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Recommendations Pre-planting 1. Rip the subsoil
to a depth of 24 inches.
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Recommendations Pre-planting 1. Rip the subsoil
to a depth of 24 inches. 2. Incorporate 2 inches
of compost to upper 8 inches of subsoil.
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Recommendations Pre-planting 1. Rip the subsoil
to a depth of 24 inches. 2. Incorporate 2 inches
of compost to upper 8 inches of subsoil. 3.
Top-dress with 1 inch of compost.
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Soil conservation means reducing the amount of
soil erosion and maintaining soil fertility. It
relies on increasing the amount of water seeping
into the soil, reducing the speed
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Soil conservation means reducing the amount of
soil erosion and maintaining soil fertility. It
relies on increasing the amount of water seeping
into the soil, reducing the speed
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Why Plant Cover Crops?
  • erosion control
  • organic matter increase
  • soil structure improvement
  • atmospheric nitrogen fixation
  • nitrate recapture
  • soil water management
  • weed control

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  Some CN ratios of cover crops.Young
rye plants
141Rye at mid-boot stage
401Hairy vetch
101 to 151Crimson clover
151Corn
stalks
601Sawdust
2501.
Cover crops with a cn ratio of 30 or higher
should be incorporated because it will likely
take nitrogen from the crop
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Other Cover Crops Summer Cover Crops Spring
Oats Sudax Sorghum Sudan Field peas Buckwheat
Fall Cover Crops Red Clover Crimson Clover
White clover Hairy Vetch Birds foot trefoil
Cereal grains Annual Ryegrass
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Legumes grown as summer green manure
crops to add nitrogen along with organic matter
are cowpeas, soybeans, annual sweetclover,
sesbania,guar, crotalaria, velvet beans
annual medic
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Summer green manure crops non-legumes grown to
provide biomass, smother weeds and improve soil
tilth.sorghum-Sudan grass, millet, forage
sorghumbuckwheat
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Cover crop Seeding rate (lbs/A) Dry matter
production (T/A) Rye
156 2.0
Ryegrass
30
0.9 Summer oats 156
0.2
Winter wheat 160
1.4 Rape
12
0.3
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ORGANIC MATTERS!
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In an average cup of healthy forest soil there
are
Source Serita Frey, OSU School of Natural
Resources
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Bare Root Plants
  • Grown in the field or in soil less media
  • The plants have the soil removed from the roots
  • This is usually done during dormant periods
    unless there is a large maintenance budget
    available

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Rate at Which Water Moves in the Soil
Soil Types Infiltration rates
(inches/hour)
Sand gt0.8 Sandy silty
soils 0.4 to 0.8 Loams 0.2 to 0.4 Clay
soils 0.04 to 0.2
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Agricultural Sustainability
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Average transpiration ratios for various plant
types Water amounts in kg per kg dry matter
(transpiration ratio).
water
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Water
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  • Healthy Plants
  • Friable soils
  • Proper nutrient balance
  • Proper soil pH acid vs. alkaline
  • Proper root and crown spacing
  • Ample soil moisture
  • Proper soil temperature
  • Proper light levels
  • Pure air
  • Free of insects and diseases

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well
water table
surface water
unsaturated zone
Aquifer (saturated zone)
fractured bedrock
gravel
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The Size of Mineral Particles
SAND
.
CLAY
SILT
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Soil Water Relationships
Clay Small pores, holds water, drains slowly
. Sand- Large pores , drains fast, poor water
holding capacity
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Roots absorb nutrients as water carries it to them
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The level of water in the barrels represents the
level of crop production. On the left, nitrogen
is represented as being the factor that is most
limiting. Even though the other elements are
present in more adequate amounts, crop production
can be no higher than that allowed by the
nitrogen. When nitrogen is added (right) the
level of crop production is raised until it is
controlled by the next most limiting factor, in
this case, potassium.
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Plant Water Relationship
The largest portion of most living organisms
being made up of water. Soils provide a place
where water is filtered and stored until needed.
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Water
  • It is required in photosynthesis
  • It is needed for cell expansion and growth.
  • Without adequate water leaves and herbaceous
    plants become flaccid and wilt.
  • It carries nutrients throughout the plant
  • Evaporation of water cools the plant in hot
    weather.

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Relative Water Usage of Different Types of Plants
grass
shrubs and groundcovers
trees
Estimated typical water usage of varying plant
types in relative amounts the amount of water
needed by plants varies with location and
climate. generally, lawns use more water than
trees, and trees use more water than both shrubs
and groundcovers.
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Nutrient Deficiency
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Relationship between soil texture and water
availability
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Soil Moisture some terms and concepts
  • Field Capacity water that remains in soil
    beyond the effects of gravity.
  • Permanent Wilting Percentage amount of water
    after the permanent wilting point is reached.
  • Available Water amount of water in the soil
    between the field capacity and the permanent
    wilting percentage.

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How Does Water Move in the Soil
Percolation- water moving downward in the soil.
Excess water on the surface will cause runoff.
Capillary Action- water moving up in the soil
through the small pores against gravity. Seepage
- water moving sideways in the soil . Much of
this water can move into basements and open
sites. Runoff water that cant be absorbed
into the soil so it moves down hill. Issues are
erosion and loss of nutrients ( water
contamination)
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Summary of Water Movement
  • Rate of movement in soil depends on
  • Particle sizes (texture) and particle size
    distribution
  • Pore space (structure) and consistency
  • Soil aggregation
  • Compaction (measured by Bulk Density)

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Pore and Air-Water Movement
macro pores
available air in macropore
micro pores
water
soil particle
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The Living Soil Biological Properties
Aggregated Soil
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Mulch Problems
Mulch Volcano Method.
  • Over-Mulching
  • Stops free air exchange, suffocating roots.
  • Blocks penetration of water / fertilizer
  • Causes stem rot
  • New roots may grow into mulch elevating the root
    system.
  • Creates a rodent haven.

more than 2 feet high!
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