Nanotechnology

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Nanotechnology Medicine
Dr. Mohammed Al Omar Ph D College of
Pharmcy King Saud University
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Nanoscience

• The prefix nanois a Greek word for dwarf
• One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a
  meter
• About a width of 6 carbon atoms or 10 water
  molecules
• A human hair is approximately 80,000 nm wide
• Red blood cells is 7000 nm wide
• Atoms are smaller than 1 nanometer
• Molecules and some proteins are between 1 nm and
  above

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Nanoscience

• The concept of nanotechnology was first coined by
  Richard Feynman in 1959 in his lecture Theres
  plenty of room at the bottom
• Manipulating material at a scale of individual
  atoms and molecules
• Imagining the whole Encyclopedia Britannica
  written on head of a pin

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Nanoscience

• At IBM in the US, a technique called electron
  beam lithography was used to create
  nanostructures and devices as small as 40 to 70
  nm in the early 1970s

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Nanotechnology in Medicine

• Nanotechnology is a new field with many possible
  uses, medicine being one of them

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Nanotechnology

• The manufacturing technology of the 21st
  century"
• The study and manufacture of devices of molecular
  dimensions, in the range of nanometers or
  one-billionth of a meter
• Most of industrial manufacturing processes are
  based on top-down technologies -- i.e., they take
  larger objects and make them smaller yielding
  products of fairly high precision and complexity

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Nanotechnology

• Most products of living organisms are constructed
  by tiny molecular machines, such as cells and
  organelles, working from the bottom up. 
• By organizing individual atoms and molecules into
  particular configurations, these molecular
  machines are able to create works of astonishing
  complexity and size, such as the human being

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BODY SYSTEMS
CELL
Plasma membrane
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytosol
75 TRILLION CELLS
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Nanotechnology

• Nature (Allah) shows that molecules can serve as
  machines because living things work by means of
  such machinery
• Enzymes are molecular machines that make, break,
  and rearrange the bonds holding other molecules
  together 
• Muscles are driven by molecular machines that
  haul fibers past one another 

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Nanotechnology

• DNA serves as a data-storage system,
  transmitting digital instructions to molecular
  machines e.g., the ribosomes, that manufacture
  protein molecules.

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Illustrated Figure
GOLGI COMPLEX
Electron Micrograph
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THREE DIMENSIONAL ILLUSTRATION OF CELL STRUCTURES
VISIBLE UNDER AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ERYTHROCYTES (RBCS)
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An old red blood cell
White blood cell
PHAGOCYTOSIS AN OLD RBC BEING ENGULFED BY A WBC
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Nanotechnology

• Using special bacterium-sized "assembler"
  devices, nanotechnology would permit on a
  programmable basis exact control of molecular
  structures that are not readily manipulated by
  natural molecular machines and molecular
  techniques presently available.
• With nanotechnology, atoms will be specifically
  placed and connected, all at very rapid rates, in
  a fashion similar to processes found in living
  organisms

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HEAT
METAL IONS
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A future application of Cornell's molecular motor
research With the integration of biomolecular
motor devices and cell-signalling systems -- by
engineering a secondary binding site tailored to
a cell's signalling cascade -- researchers plan
to use the cell's sensory system to control
nanodevices implanted in living cells. Nanoscale
Biological Engineering and Transport
Group/Cornell University.
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Nanomedicine

• Some medicines are made through biotechnological
  processes, for example those using recombinant
  DNA (human hepatitis vaccine)
• Under these processes the DNA of living creatures
  (usually bacteria) is altered
• Nanotechnology represents a similar approach to
  the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other
  goods.

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Nanorobots Medicine of the Future

• What are they?
• Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for
  the purpose of maintaining and protecting the
  human body against pathogens.
• They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3
  microns and will be constructed out of parts with
  dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers

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Nanorobots

• The powering of the nanorobots can be done by
  metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy
• Other sources of energy within the body can also
  be used to supply the necessary energy for the
  devices
• They will have simple onboard computers capable
  of performing around 1000 or fewer computations
  per second.

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Nanorobots

• A navigational network may be installed in the
  body, which may provide high positional accuracy
  to all passing nanorobots
• This will enable the physician to keep track of
  the various devices in the body

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Nanorobots

• These nanorobots will be able to distinguish
  between different cell types by checking their
  surface antigens
• When the task of the nanorobots is accomplished,
  they can be retrieved by allowing them to exfuse
  themselves via the usual human excretory channels

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Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine

• Diagnostic
• - Imaging
• - Quantum dots
• - Microscopic sampling
• Detection of airway abnormalities

• Therapeutic
• Delivering medication to the exact location
• Killing of bacteria, viruses cancer cells
• Repair of damaged tissues
• Oxygen transport
• Skin and dental care
• Augmentation of immune system
• Treatment of Atherosclerosis
• The clottocyte concept
• Brain enhancement

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Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Improved imaging of the human (or any) body
• Nanoprobes (miniature machines) can attach
  themselves to particles in the body (e.g.,
  antibodies) and emit a magnetic field.
• Probes that arent attached to anything dont
  create a detectable magnetic
• Nano-tracking may be able to detect tumors that
  are a few cells in size. (Alivisatos, 2001)

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Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Another way to use nanotech as tracking devices
  is to use quantum dots
• These tiny semiconductors are able to emit
  wavelengths of light (colors) that depend on
  their size. If quantum dot A is twice as big as
  quantum dot B, it will emit a different color.
• Quantum dots are better than conventional dyes
• They last much longer
• More colors can be made available.

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A microscopic machine roaming through the
bloodstream, injecting or taking samples for
identification and determining the concentrations
of different compounds"
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A single inhaled nanorobot reaches, deeply
inspired into the lungs, enters an alveolar duct
and attaches to the tissue surface.
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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Nanotech is capable of delivering medication to
  the exact location where they are needed hence
  lesser side effects
• Organic dendrimers - a type of artificial
  molecule roughly the size of a protein- would be
  ideal for the job of delivering medicine
• Hollow polymer capsules - gold-coated glass beads
  that are near infrared light sensitive

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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Destruction of harmful eukaryotic organisms /
  cancer cells by interrupting their division
  process
• Certain proteins are capable of doing this (e.g.,
  Bc12 family of proteins)

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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Nanoprobe can be made to generate radiation, that
  could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells
• Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged
  actinium-225 atom would detect (using antibodies)
  and enter a cancerous cell
• Location and destruction of cancer cells by
  acoustic signals

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Normal cells
Cancer cells
COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND CANCEROUS CELLS IN
RESPIRATORY AIRWAY OF THE LUNG
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Cancer cell
Lethal holes
A CYTOTOXIC T CELL DESTROYING A CANCER CELL
Cytotoxic T cell
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Mechanical drilling of a small tumor mass by a
nanorobot
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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Nanotechnology also theoretically allows the
  mimicking of natural biological processes e.g.,
  repair of damaged tissues
• Using nanotech to build scaffoldings of
  artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere
  to and grow bones on
• Broken bones would heal much faster.
• Transport of oxygen within the body by creating
  an artificial red blood cell

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A simulated view of a blood sample that might be
taken from some future trauma patient who has
received approximately seven therapeutic
respirocyte doses at an accident scene. Each
single respirocyte in the scene can control
nearly the same amount of available oxygen as all
eight red cells present in the scene, combined.
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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• To cure skin diseases, a cream containing
  nanorobots may be used it may
• - Remove the right amount of dead skin
• - Remove excess oils
• - Add missing oils
• - Apply the right amounts of natural
  moisturising compounds
• - Achieve the elusive goal of 'deep pore
  cleaning' by actually reaching down into pores
  and cleaning them out.

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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could
  identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria while
  allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to
  flourish in a healthy ecosystem

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Dental Robots
Four remote-controlled nanorobots examine and
clean the subocclusal surfaces of a patient's
teeth, near the gumline.
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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Medical nanodevices could augment the immune
  system by finding and disabling unwanted bacteria
  and viruses.

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Virus Finder
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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Devices working in the bloodstream could nibble
  away at atherosclerotic deposits, widening the
  affected blood vessels.
• This would prevent most heart attacks

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A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC
DEPOSIT IN A BLOOD VESSEL
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DNA Repair
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Therapeutic Applications of Nanotechnology in
Medicine

• Emergency Management
• The clottocyte concept
• Clot-inducing medical nanorobots with
  fully-deployed netting capable of embedding
  growing clot with red cells and fibrin strands

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CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN IN
VARIOUS STAGES OF CLOT-NETTING DEPLOYMENT.
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AN ARRAY OF NINE CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS
ARE SHOWN WITH THEIR CLOT-NETTING FULLY DEPLOYED
AND INTERLACED.
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MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY DEPLOYED NETTING
ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT
WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED.
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CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH
FULLY-DEPLOYED NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A
PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN
STRANDS INVOLVED (A CLOSER LOOK)
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A REAL LIFE PICTUER OF ERYTHROCYTES TRAPPED IN
THE FIBRIN MESHWORK OF A CLOT
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Stinger" nanorobot grabs a sick T lymphocyte and
injects a glucocorticoid designed to induce
cellular apoptosis.
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The blue, octopus-like nanobot is one of billions
of brain cell enhancers. The central sphere
houses a computer, with a storehouse of
information equal to many large libraries
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NANOTECHNOLOGY

• GOALS
• Construction of a nano-assembler
• A machine capable of building nanoprobes on a
  grand scale
• The next step would be self-replication of
  nanoprobes- mitosis
• Rough estimates say that this will be reached in
  about 10-20 years

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

• PREDICTIONS
• Predicting the future of nanotechnology is much
  like trying to predict the remainder of a motion
  picture from a single frame
• Although the future of medicine lies unclear, it
  is certain that nanotechnology will have a
  significant impact

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Thank you