DIGESTIVE TRACTS

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DIGESTIVE TRACTS
p. 136
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• Ruminants are considered as forage-consuming.
• 2. Ruminants are multi-stomached animals.

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3. Food material in the ruminant system is acted
on by millions of bacteria and microorganisms. 4.
The bacteria and microorganisms transform
low-quality protein and nitrogen compounds into
essential amino acids.
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4 compartments of the Ruminant digestive system
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1. Rumen- largest compartment contains bacteria
and microorganisms that aids in the digestive
process.
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2. Reticulum- 2nd compartment that work with the
rumen to aide in the formation of cud for
regurgitation. AKA hardware stomach because it
collects nails or pieces of wire
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3. Omasum- the third compartment of the ruminant
that removes water from food as it moves from the
rumen to the fourth compartment
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4. Abomasum- the 4th compartment in the ruminant
that is referred to as the true stomach , its
function is to break down food material by
muscular movement and to secrete digestive
juices. The material then passes into the small
intestine.
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Nonruminants are considered to be
single-stomached or monogastric and include all
of the small animals. EX) Rabbits and guinea pig
p. 138
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Dog stomach-notice the RUGAE or folds, this
stomach is empty and they are visible. When the
stomach is full they are not as visible
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• Rabbits Guinea pigs are considered to be
  nonruminant herbivores, an animal that eats a lot
  of roughage but doesnt have a multi-compartment
  stomach.
• The Rabbit has a monogastric system similar to a
  Horse and allows it to eat forages and roughages.
• The rabbit has a small single stomach, it has a
  large cecum and colon between the small and large
  intestines containing bacteria that allows the
  rabbit to break down roughage.

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Rabbits eat their own feces. Called
coprophagy Usually occurs late night or early
morning
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Birds have some unique features in their
digestive tract. Due mainly to the lack of teeth.
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P 121
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1. Birds do not have teeth, so there is no
chewing or breaking down of food material in
their mouth, although saliva is added to aid in
swallowing. Very little digestion of food occurs
in the mouth.
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2. The esophagus (gullet) has an
enlargement
called the crop that stores food.
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3. The largest organ of a birds digestive tract
is the ventriculus or gizzard.
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4. Birds are often fed grit such as crushed
granite, oyster shell, or other insoluble
material that accumulates in the gizzard to help
in grinding and breaking down coarse food
material.
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Digestive process of birds. 1. Saliva is added
to food material in the mouth
to assist bird with swallowing.
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2. Food material passes down esophagus (gullet)
into the crop where it is softened and stored
before passing into the proventriculus (gizzard).
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proventriculus
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3. After softening in the crop, food is ground
and crushed in the gizzard before passing into
the duodenum or first part of small intestine.
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4. In the duodenum of the small intestine,
enzymes from the pancreas help breakdown
proteins, starches, and fats. Bile is secreted by
the gallbladder to help break down fats.
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5. Most absorption occurs in the lower part of
small intestine before moving into the large
intestine.
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6. In the large intestine, water is absorbed and
mucus is added to the undigested food, which is
feces.
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7. Finally, feed moves into the cloaca of the
large intestine, which is the junction of the
birds digestive, urinary, and genital systems.
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8. Solid waste (feces) and liquid waste (urine)
pass out of the body at the vent.
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FISH Digestive systems of fish vary with
the type of feed they eat.
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TEETH of fish are often different 1. Predator
fish have teeth on the front of the jaws, roof of
the mouth, and throat teeth just in front of the
esophagus to help them grasp and move their prey
for swallowing whole. 2. Sharks and piranhas have
razor sharp teeth to bite and cut
off pieces of their prey.
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3. Rasp like teeth on fish are for scraping plant
material and animal growth off rocks. 4. Some
fish have no teeth in jaws but only in pharynx to
grind up food before it reaches the esophagus.
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tongue
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TEETH
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Digestive process in fish 1. Esophagus moves
food to the stomach. 2. Food enters stomach, a
tube-like organ for digestion.
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3. Then food enters intestine. 4. Undigested
material then leaves the body via the anus.
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esophagus
stomach
anus
intestine
ceca
tongue
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PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE QUIZHOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW
ABOUT TEETH?
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1. Do all animals have teeth?___No, some
animals such as birds don't have teeth___Yes,
all animals have teeth___No animals have teeth
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2. How many sets of teeth do we get in our
lifetime?___One___Two___Three
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3.Which teeth are used for crushing and grinding
food?___Incisors___Molars___Canines
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4.Which teeth are used to rip and tear
food?___Incisors___Molars___Canines
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5.What is the job of incisor teeth?___Snipping
and cutting off bite-sized pieces of
food___Ripping and tearing food___Crushing and
chewing food
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Which teeth are sometimes missing in
herbivores?___Incisors___Molars___Canines
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Omnivore, Herbivore or Carnivore?
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Omnivore, Carnivore or Herbivore?
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Omnivore, Carnivore or Herbivore?
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Omnivore, Carnivore or Herbivore?
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TEETH TYPES IN MAMMALS
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• Dental problems are common in dogs cats
• They are also common in rabbits and guinea pigs.
• It is important to know what is Normal so you
  may recognize abnormalities and problems.

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Normal?
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Many mammals, including dogs, cats, and ferrets
are "diphyodont" meaning they have 2 sets of
teeth, one set (called "deciduous") being shed
and replaced by a permanent set.
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Dogs and CatsDogs have a total of 42 permanent
teeth consisting of3 upper and 3 lower
incisors, 1 upper and 1 lower canine, 4 upper and
4 lower premolars and 2 upper and 3 lower molars
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• Cats have a total of 30 permanent teeth
  consisting of
• 3 upper and 3 lower incisors
• 1 upper and 1 lower canine
• 3 upper and 2 lower premolars and 1 upper and 1
  lower molar

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• The teeth should be a creamy/white color with no
  build up of dental deposits
• The gums should be pink (or they may be
  pigmented).

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The deciduous (milk) teeth should fall out and
the permanent teeth start to erupt at around 3
months of age.
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• Rabbits have a total of 28 teeth consisting of
• 2 upper and 1 lower incisors
• No canine teeth
• 3 upper and 2 lower premolars
• 3 upper and 3 lower molars

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Rabbit Teeth
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• Guinea Pigs have a total of 20 teeth consisting
  of
• 1 upper and 1 lower incisor
• no canine teeth at all
• 1 upper and 1 lower premolar
• 3 upper and 3 lower molars

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Ferret kits have 30 deciduous teeth, with adults
having 34.
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INCISORS
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INCISORS are shaped like a chisel and are great
for cutting things
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CANINES
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Canines AKA FangsUsually 4, Tear or rip food
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PREMOLARS
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MOLARS
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Molars are large, flat, and have many tiny ridges
on them. Molars are used to grind up food,
especially plants.
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THINGS TO HELP
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Jaw BONES
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The upper jaw is called the "maxilla" and the
lower jaw is called the "mandible." The shape of
an animal's skull affects the positioning of the
teeth. In dogs and cats, there are 3 major types
of head shapes.
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In dogs and cats, there are 3 major types of head
shapes
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• Brachycephalic short, wide muzzle. For example,
  Pekingese, Pugs, Bulldogs, and Persians.

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• Mesaticephalic medium length and width muzzle.
  For example, Golden Retrievers, terriers, most
  cats, and ferrets.

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• Dolichocephalic long, narrow muzzle. For
  example, the Doberman Pinschers, Greyhounds, or
  Oriental cats.

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ACTIVITY

• Rotate top all the skulls provided(cat, dog,
  sheep, horse, fish , cow). Examine their teeth.
  Are they omnivores, carnivores, or herbivores?