The Emergence of Modern Protestantism 1725 - 1810 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 39
About This Presentation
Title:

The Emergence of Modern Protestantism 1725 - 1810

Description:

The philosophers Voltaire, ... Voltaire Quotes ' ... undermined the possibility of true friendship by replacing it with jealousy, fear and suspicion. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:188
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 40
Provided by: davidcd2
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: The Emergence of Modern Protestantism 1725 - 1810


1
The Emergence of Modern Protestantism1725 - 1810
Lecture 11 Grab Bag (or finishing the 18th
century)
Dr. Dave Doughty
2
Outline
  • The philosophers Voltaire, Rousseau
  • The French Revolution
  • Orthodoxy vs. Liberalism and Infidelity, Timothy
    Dwight

3
Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)
  • Nov 21, 1694 May 30, 1778
  • Philosopher, Essayist, Satirist
  • Known for his wit
  • Prolific writer - plays, poetry, novels, essays,
    historical and scientific works, 20,000 letters
    and over 2000 books and pamphlets.
  • A key influence on the American and French
    Revolutions
  • Best known quote is actually not his
  • I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend
    to the death your right to say it
  • From Friends of Voltaire written in 1906 by
    Evelyn Beatrice Hall

4
Voltaire Quotes
  • The best government is a benevolent tyranny
    tempered by an occasional assassination.
  • Each player must accept the cards life deals him
    or her but once they are in hand, he or she
    alone must decide how to play the cards in order
    to win the game.
  • The best is the enemy of the good.
  • As long as people believe in absurdities they
    will continue to commit atrocities
  • Doubt is not an agreeable condition, but
    certainty is an absurd one.
  • I have lived eighty years of life and know
    nothing for it, but to be resigned and tell
    myself that flies are born to be eaten by spiders
    and man to be devoured by sorrow.
  • Everything's fine today, that is our illusion.
  • I always made one prayer to God, a very short
    one. Here it is "O Lord, make our enemies quite
    ridiculous!" God granted it.
  • "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to
    invent Him."

5
Voltaire on God
  • "What is faith? Is it to believe that which is
    evident? No. It is perfectly evident to my mind
    that there exists a necessary, eternal, supreme,
    and intelligent being. This is no matter of
    faith, but of reason.
  • All philosophical sects have run aground on the
    reef of moral and physical ill. It only remains
    for us to confess that God, having acted for the
    best, had not been able to do better.
  • The Eternal has his designs from all eternity.
    If prayer is in accord with his immutable wishes,
    it is quite useless to ask of him what he has
    resolved to do. If one prays to him to do the
    contrary of what he has resolved, it is praying
    that he be weak, frivolous, inconstant it is
    believing that he is thus, it is to mock him.
    Either you ask him a just thing, in which case he
    must do it, the thing being done without your
    praying to him for it, and so to entreat him is
    then to distrust him or the thing is unjust, and
    then you insult him. You are worthy or unworthy
    of the grace you implore if worthy, he knows it
    better than you if unworthy, you commit another
    crime by requesting what is undeserved.In a
    word, we only pray to God because we have made
    him in our image. We treat him like a pasha, like
    a sultan whom one may provoke or appease.

6
Voltaire On Christianity
  • If Christians want us to believe in a Redeemer,
    let them act redeemed
  • Christianity is the most ridiculous, the most
    absurd, and bloody religion that has ever
    infected the world
  • Your Majesty will do the human race an eternal
    service by extirpating this infamous
    superstition, I do not say among the rabble, who
    are not worthy of being enlightened and who are
    apt for every yoke I say among honest people,
    among men who think, among those who wish to
    think. ... My one regret in dying is that I
    cannot aid you in this noble enterprise, the
    finest and most respectable which the human mind
    can point out.

7
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
  • June 28,1712 July 2, 1778
  • Swiss philosopher, writer, composer of the
    Enlightenment
  • Enemy of Voltaire
  • Major writings
  • Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750)
  • Discourse on Inequality (1755)
  • Of the Social Contract, Principles of Politial
    Law (1761)
  • Emile (1761)

8
Rousseaus Philosophy
  • A fundamental divide between society and human
    nature
  • Man is good in his natural state, but is
    corrupted by society
  • Societys negative influence on men centers on
    its transformation of a positive self-love to
    pride.
  • Positive self-love (amour de soi) represents the
    instinctive human desire for self-preservation,
    combined with the human power of reason.
  • Pride (amour-propre) is artificial and forces man
    to compare himself to others, creating
    unwarranted fear, allowing men to take pleasure
    in the pain or weakness of others.
  • Sort of the noble savage although he never used
    that phrase (it was first used by John Dryden in
    1672)

9
Rousseau Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
  • In 1749, Rousseau read of an essay competition,
    which asked whether the development of the arts
    and sciences had been morally beneficial
  • He wrote an essay, responding in the negative,
    called Discourse on the Arts and Sciences which
    won him first prize and made him famous
  • The arts and sciences had not been beneficial to
    humankind because they were not human needs, but
    rather a result of pride and vanity. Moreover,
    the opportunities they created for idleness and
    luxury contributed to the corruption of man. He
    proposed that the progress of knowledge had made
    governments more powerful and had crushed
    individual liberty. He concluded that material
    progress had actually undermined the possibility
    of true friendship by replacing it with jealousy,
    fear and suspicion.

10
Rousseau Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
  • Before art fashioned our manners and taught our
    passions to speak an affected language, our
    habits were rustic but natural, and differences
    in behavior announced at first glance differences
    in character.  Human nature was not fundamentally
    better, but men found their security in the ease
    with which they could see through each other, and
    this advantage, whose value we no longer feel,
    spared them many vices.
  • But here the effect is certain, the depravity
    real, and our souls have become corrupted to the
    extent that our sciences and our arts have
    advanced towards perfection.

11
Rousseau Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
  • "I examined the poets," he says, "and I look on
    them as people whose talent overawes both
    themselves and others, people who present
    themselves as wise men and are taken as such,
    when they are nothing of the sort."
  • "From poets," Socrates continues, "I moved to
    artists.  No one was more ignorant about the arts
    than I no one was more convinced that artists
    possessed really beautiful secrets.  However, I
    noticed that their condition was no better than
    that of the poets and that both of them have the
    same misconceptions.  Because the most skillful
    among them excel in their specialty, they look
    upon themselves as the wisest of men. 
  • "We do not knowneither the sophists, nor the
    orators, nor the artists, nor Iwhat the True,
    the Good, and the Beautiful are. But there is
    this difference between us although these people
    know nothing, they all believe they know
    something whereas, I, if I know nothing, at
    least have no doubts about it.

12
Rousseau Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
  • Astronomy was born from superstition, eloquence
    from ambition, hate, flattery, and lies, geometry
    from avarice, physics from a vain
    curiosityeverything, even morality itself, from
    human pride.  The sciences and the arts thus owe
    their birth to our vices we would have fewer
    doubts about their advantages if they owed their
    birth to our virtues.
  • What false routes in an investigation of the
    sciences! How many errors, a thousand times more
    dangerous than the truth is useful, does one not
    have to get past to reach the truth?  The
    disadvantage is clear, for what is false is
    susceptible to an infinity of combinations, but
    truth has only one form of being. 
  • If our sciences are vain in the objects they set
    for themselves, they are even more dangerous in
    the effects they produce.  Born in idleness, they
    nourish it in their turn.
  • But these vain and futile declaimers move around
    in all directions armed with their fatal
    paradoxes, undermining the foundations of faith,
    and annihilating virtue.  They smile with disdain
    at those old words fatherland and religion and
    dedicate their talents and their philosophy to
    the destruction and degradation of everything
    which is sacred among men. 

13
Rousseau Discourse on Inequality
  • The first man who, having fenced in a piece of
    land, said This is mine, and found people naive
    enough to believe him, that man was the true
    founder of civil society. From how many crimes,
    wars, and murders, from how many horrors and
    misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind,
    by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the
    ditch, and crying to his fellows Beware of
    listening to this imposter you are undone if you
    once forget that the fruits of the earth belong
    to us all, and the earth itself to nobody.

14
Rousseau - The Social Contract
  • "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in
    chains. One man thinks himself the master of
    others, but remains more of a slave than they.
  • THE Sovereign, having no force other than the
    legislative power, acts only by means of the
    laws and the laws being solely the authentic
    acts of the general will, the Sovereign cannot
    act save when the people is assembled.
  • Every law the people has not ratified in person
    is null and void is, in fact, not a law.
  • The legislative power belongs to the people, and
    can belong to it alone.
  • The heart of the idea of the social contract may
    be stated simply Each of us places his person
    and authority under the supreme direction of the
    general will, and the group receives each
    individual as an indivisible part of the whole...

15
From The Social Contract
  • The passage from the state of nature to the
    civil state produces a very remarkable change in
    man, by substituting justice for instinct in his
    conduct, and giving his actions the morality they
    had formerly lacked. Then only, when the voice of
    duty takes the place of physical impulses and
    right of appetite, does man, who so far had
    considered only himself, find that he is forced
    to act on different principles, and to consult
    his reason before listening to his inclinations.
    Although, in this state, he deprives himself of
    some advantages which he got from nature, he
    gains in return others so great, his faculties
    are so stimulated and developed, his ideas so
    extended, his feelings so ennobled, and his whole
    soul so uplifted, that, did not the abuses of
    this new condition often degrade him below that
    which he left, he would be bound to bless
    continually the happy moment which took him from
    it for ever, and, instead of a stupid and
    unimaginative animal, made him an intelligent
    being and a man.
  • What man loses by the social contract is his
    natural liberty and an unlimited right to
    everything he tries to get and succeeds in
    getting what he gains is civil liberty and the
    proprietorship of all he possesses.

16
Voltaire and Rousseau
  • Voltaire believed that through education and
    reason man could separate himself from the beasts
    while Rousseau thought that it was precisely all
    this which made men "unnatural" and corrupted.
  • Rousseau sent Voltaire a copy of his "The Social
    Contract" and Voltaire wrote him the following
  • "I have received your new book against the human
    race, and thank you for it. Never was such a
    cleverness used in the design of making us all
    stupid. One longs, in reading your book, to walk
    on all fours. But as I have lost that habit for
    more than sixty years, I feel unhappily the
    impossibility of resuming it. Nor can I embark in
    search of the savages of Canada, because the
    maladies to which I am condemned render a
    European surgeon necessary to me because war is
    going on in those regions and because the
    example of our actions has made the savages
    nearly as bad as ourselves."

17
French Revolution - Causes
  • Causes were primarily economic
  • Louis XV fought many wars, Louis XVI supported
    U.S.
  • Huge national debt (comparable to US after WW II)
  • Inequitable taxation
  • Conspicuous consumption (Let them eat cake)
  • Widespread famine and malnutrition, some
    intentional starvation
  • Some social and political factors
  • Enlightenment ideals (realized in U.S.)
  • Resentment of royal absolutism
  • Resentment of nobility preferences

18
The Church in France before the revolution
  • In 18th century France, 95 of the population
    were Roman Catholics
  • The church was the First Estate, the nobility
    (0.5 ) was the Second Estate and the people
    (businesses) were the Third Estate
  • The monarch was outside the estates
  • The church was a huge factor in the life of the
    country
  • Church kept track of births, deaths, marriages
  • Church provided primary and secondary education
  • Church provided hospitals
  • Church was the largest landowner in the country
  • Rent from tenants plus tithes (the dime) made the
    church very wealthy
  • Note that the dime was actually a tax on crop
    earnings
  • Note that in a time of fiscal trouble the
    wealthy church made a tempting target

19
French Revolution - Chronology
  • To deal with the crisis, Louis XVI convoked the
    Estates General in 1789 1st time in 200 years
  • Church was first estate, nobility (0.5 ) was
    second, people were third
  • The third estate (bankers, industrialists, etc.)
    wanted to replace an entrenched aristocracy of
    parasitic royalty and clergy with a
    representative government
  • June 29, 1789 Tennis Court Oath The Estates
    General would not disband until France had a new
    consisutition.
  • They proclaimed themselves the National Assembly
  • Forced king, clergy, nobility to acquiesce.
  • July 14 Parisian mob storms the Bastille

20
French Revolution Chronology - II
  • Aug. 27, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man
    and Citizen
  • ignorance, neglect or contempt of the rights of
    man were the sole cause of public calamities
    and of the corruption of governments
  • Insisted on equal rights for all
  • Freedom of press and speech,
  • Representative taxation
  • Accountability of public servants
  • Right to property
  • 1791 Kings and Queen tried to flee, were
    apprehended and imprisoned

21
The Dechristianisation of France
  • Dec. 2, 1789 legislation enacted which
  • Abolished the Churchs authority to levy the tax
    on crops (the dime)
  • Cancelled special privileges for the clergy
  • Confiscated church property
  • To monetize this property, a new currency
    (assignats) was introduced, which was backed by
    the confiscated property
  • Feb. 13, 1790 Outlawed monastic vows
  • July 12, 1790 The Civil Constitution of the
    Clergy
  • Remaining clergy were employees of the State
  • Ensuing years saw violent repression of the
    clergy, including imprisonment and massacre of
    priests throughout France
  • Oct. 30, 1790 All clergy required to take an
    oath to obey the law and the constitution
  • April 1791 Pope declared signers were heretical
    40 days to retract

22
Chronology and Dechristianisation
  • In 1792 the king was formally deposed, and the
    newly organized National Convention declared
    France a republic
  • Priests who did not sign an oath to maintain
    liberty and equality were given 15 days to
    emigrate
  • 40,000 left France
  • September 1792 massacre of 2000 Frenchmen who
    were not enthusiastic about the Convention left
    France in control of the most extreme
    revolutionaries
  • January 1793 King was beheaded, launching the
    Reign of Terror.
  • 2,500 guillotined in Paris, 10,000 in the
    provinces

23
Dechristianisation - III
  • the deportation of clergy and the condemnation of
    many of them to death,
  • the closing, desecration and pillaging of
    churches,
  • removal of the word "saint" from street names and
    other acts to banish Christian culture from the
    public sphere
  • removal of statues, plates and other iconography
    from places of worship
  • destruction of crosses, bells and other external
    signs of worship
  • the institution of revolutionary and civic cults,
    including the Cult of Reason and subsequently the
    Cult of the Supreme Being,
  • the large scale destruction of religious
    monuments,
  • the outlawing of public and private worship and
    religious education,
  • forced marriages of the clergy,
  • forced abjurement of priesthood,
  • the enactment of a law on October 21, 1793 making
    all nonjuring priests and all persons who
    harbored them liable to death on sight

24
Dechristianisation IV
  • Cult of Reason
  • Based on secularism and atheism
  • Developed between 1792-1794
  • Several Parisian churches were transformed into
    Temples of Reason
  • Centered upon a young woman designated the
    Goddess of Reason
  • Goddess of Reason
  • Festival of Liberty Nov. 10, 1793 Notre Dame
  • Extinguished by Robespierre in the Reign of
    Terror
  • Cult of the Supreme Being
  • Developed by Robespierre, a Deist, in opposition
    to the Cult of Reason
  • Proclaimed the state religion by Robespierre in
    1794
  • Did not allow freedom of religion
  • When Robespierre was guillotined in 1794 (the
    Thermidorian Reaction), this cult was dead, and
    the reign of terror ended.

25
Why should we care about the French Revolution?
  • The Supreme Courts shift away from the
    time-honored position of tax exemption first
    became apparent in 1970 when the court handed
    down its opinion in Walz v. Tax Commission of the
    City of New York.
  • Walz had sued to enjoin the New York City Tax
    Commission from granting property tax exemption
    to religious organizations for properties used
    solely for religious worship. He argued that the
    exemptions indirectly required him to make a
    contribution to religious bodies and thereby
    violated the establishment clause of the First
    Amendment.
  • In a close 5-4 decision, the court held that
    exempting church property was permissible, but
    not constitutionally required.
  • the government does not transfer part of its
    revenue to churches but simply abstains from
    demanding that the church support the state. . .
    . There is no genuine nexus between tax exemption
    and establishment of religion.
  • In 1983 in Regan v. Taxation with Representation,
    the court held 8-3 that tax exemption was
    equivalent to a tax subsidy.
  • Both tax exemptions and tax deductibility are a
    form of subsidy that is administered through the
    tax system. A tax exemption has much the same
    effect as a cash grant to the organization of the
    amount of tax it would have to pay on its income.

26
The End of the Revolution
  • 1799 Napolean became emporer in a coup detat.
  • Napolean invaded Italy to wring indemnity from
    the Pope, and a retraction of all
    anti-revolutionary bulls and encyclicals.
  • Napolean stabilized the French church, resumed
    paying clerical salaries, guaranteed freedom of
    worship
  • But he retained the loyalty oath, and the right
    to nominate new bishops.
  • Pope Pius VII agreed.

27
Liberalism vs. Orthodoxy
  • As we have seen, the Massachusetts
    Congregationalist churches continually allowed
    liberal thinking (such as unitarianism Mayhew)
  • Harvard , which had been attacked by Whitefield
    continued a liberal drift
  • In1803 David Tappan, Hollis Professor of Divinity
    died, and in 1804 President Joseph Williard also
    died. Both were moderate Calvinists.
  • Liberal Henry Ware was named Hollis professor in
    1805, and liberal Samuel Webber was elected
    president in 1806.
  • In Connecticut, and Yale, by contrast, the slide
    toward liberalism was delayed, and in fact a
    counter-offensive the second great awakening
    was launched, largely due to the efforts of one
    man Timothy Dwight.

28
Timothy Dwight
  • May 14, 1752 Jan 11, 1817
  • Mother was daughter of Jonathan Edwards
  • Graduated from Yale in 1869
  • Was a chaplain in the Continental Army
  • Pastor from 1783 1795 in Fairfield Ct.
  • Leader of evangelical New Divinity school
  • Honorary degrees from Princeton and
  • Harvard
  • President of Yale College 1795 death
  • As President of Yale, Dwight was also pastor of
    the college church, and preached twice each
    Sunday.
  • He preached a four-year cycle of doctrinal
    sermons.

29
Timothy Dwight - author
  • A prominent writer
  • The Conquest of Canaan (1774, published 1785)
  • the first American epic poem (10,000 lines of
    heroic couplets)
  • (loosely based on Joshua, but includes folks from
    Ct.)
  • Theology Explained and Defended (5 vols.,
    1818-1819)
  • Sermons by Timothy Dwight (2 vols., 1828)
  • large circulation both in the United States and
    in England.
  • Travels in New England and New York (4 vols.,
    1821-1822)
  • first reference to Cape Cod house is in this book
  • Also a hymn-writer
  • Best known I love thy kingdom, Lord (353 in
    the red Trinity)

30
Timothy Dwight defender of orthodoxy
  • In 1793 Dwight preached a sermon to the General
    Association of Connecticut entitled a "Discourse
    on the Genuineness and Authenticity of the New
    Testament" which when printed the next year
    became an important tract defending the orthodox
    faith against Deists and other skeptics.
  • An address to the candidates for the
    baccalaureate in Yale College called "The Nature
    and Danger of Infidel Philosophy, Exhibited in
    Two Discourses, Addressed to the Candidates for
    the Baccalaureate, In Yale College" was delivered
    on September 9, 1797.
  • Published by George Bunce in 1798.
  • This book is credited as one of the embers of the
    Second Great Awakening.
  • a somewhat ponderous and solemn satire, The
    Triumph of Infidelity (1788), directed against
    David Hume, Voltaire and others
  • The Duty of Americans at the Present Crisis
    (1798)
  • A Discourse, on Some Events of the last
    Century, delivered in the Brick Church in New
    Haven on Wednesday, January 7, 1801

31
Dwight A Discourse, on Some Events of the last
Century (On Infidelity)
  • The American war increased these evilsTo the
    depravation still remaining was added a long
    train of immoral doctrines and practicesThe
    profanation of the Sabbath, before unusual,
    profaneness of language, drunkeness, gambling,
    and lewdness, were exceedingly increasedand a
    light, vain method of thinking concerning sacred
    things, a cold, contemptuous indifference toward
    every moral and religious subject.
  • At this period Infidelity began to obtain, in
    this country , and extensive currency and
    reception.
  • Infidelity has been frequently supposed to be
    founded on an apprehended deficiency of the
    evidence, which supports a divine Revelation. No
    opinion can be more erroneous than this. That
    solitary instances may have existed, in which men
    did not believe the scriptures to be the word of
    God, because they doubted of the evidence in
    their possession, I am ready to admit but that
    this has been the common fact, is, at least, in
    my view, a clear impossibility.

32
Dwight Infidelity - II
  • Our Savior informs us, that This is
    condemnation, that light is come into the world,
    and men loved darkness rather than light, because
    their deeds were evil and subjoins, that he
    who doth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to
    the light, lest his deeds should be reproved.
    Here one of the two great causes of Infidelity is
    distinctly and exactly alleged, viz. The
    opposition of a heart, which loves sin, and
    dreads the punishment of it, to that truth,
    which, with infinite authority, and under an
    immense penalty, demands of all men a holy life.
    The other great cause of Infidelity is frequently
    mentioned by the inspired writers, particularly
    St. Paul, St. Peter , and St. JudeThere shall
    come in the last days scoffers, walking after
    their own lusts, and saying, Where is the
    promise of his coming? For, since the fathers
    fell asleep, all things continue as they were
    from the beginning of the creation.

33
Dwight Infidelity III
  • The Infidels, here referred to, are plainly
    philosophists, the authors of vain and deceitful
    philosophy of science falsely so called, always
    full of vanity in their discourses Scoffers,
    walking after their own lusts, and alluring
    others, through the same lusts, to follow
    themPhilosophistical pride, and the love of
    sinning in security and peace, are, therefore,
    the two great causes of Infidelity, according to
    the scriptures.
  • A more exact account of this subject, as existing
    in fact, could not even now be given. Infidelity
    has been assumed because it was loved, and not
    because it was supported by evidence and has
    been maintained and defended, to quiet the mind
    in sin, and to indulge the pride of talents and
    speculation.

34
Dwight Infidelity IV
  • The form, which is has received, has varied in
    the hands of almost every distinguished Infidel.
    It was first Theism, or natural Religion, then
    mere Unbelief, then Animalism, then Scepticism,
    then partial, and then total Atheism. Yet it
    has, in three things at least, preserved a
    general consistency opposition to Christianity,
    devotion to sin and lust, and a pompous
    profession of love to Liberty.
  • The war has been the desultory attack of a
    barbarian, not of a civilized soldier and onset
    of passion, pride, and wit a feint of
    conjectures and falsified facts and incursion of
    sneers, jests, gross banter and delicate
    ridicule a parade of hints and
    insinuationsThese were never the weapons of
    sober conviction this was never the conduct of
    honest men.

35
Dwight Infidelity V
  • The excessive wealth of that division of the
    eastern Continent has generated an enormous
    luxury, the multiplied enjoyments of which have
    become not only the ruling objects of desire, and
    the governing motives of action, but, in the view
    of a great part of the inhabitants, the necessary
    means of even a comfortable existence. On these
    life is employed, ambition fastened, ardour
    exhaused, and energy spentTo glitter with
    diamonds, to roll in pomp , to feast on dainties,
    to wanton in amusements, to build palaces, and to
    fashion wildernesses of pleasure are the supreme
    objects of millions, apparently desinedd to the
    graveScience toils, ingenuity is stretched on
    the rack, and art is wearied through all here
    refinements, to satisfy the universal demand for

36
Dwight Infidelity VI
  • Of this universal devotion to pleasure and show,
    modern Infidels have availed themselves to the
    utmost. To a mind, to a nation, dissolved in
    sloth, enervated by pleasure, and fascinated with
    splendor, the Gospel is preached, and heaven
    presented, in vain. The eye is closed, the ear
    stopped, and the heart rendered gross and
    incapable of healing. The soul is of course,
    unconscious of danger, impatient of restraint,
    and insensible to the demand of moral obligation.
    It is therefore, prepared to become an Infidel,
    without research and without conviction.

37
Dwight Infidelity VII
  • In the mean time, let me solemnly warn you, that
    if you intend to accomplish anything, if you mean
    not to labour in vain, and to spend your strength
    for nought, you must take your side. There can
    be here no halting between two opinions. You
    must meet face to face the bands of disorder, of
    falsehood, and of sin. Between them and you
    there is, there can be, no natural, real, or
    lasting harmony. What communion hath light with
    darkness?...Will you copy their practices? Will
    you teach your children, that death is an eternal
    sleep? That the end sanctifies the means? That
    moral obligation is a dream? Religion a farce?
    And your Saviour the spurious offspring of
    pollution?...Will you make marriage the mockery
    of a registerss office? Will you become the
    rulers of Sodom, and the people of Gomorrha?
    Will you enthrone a Goddess of Reason before the
    table of Christ?...Will you deny your God?

38
In Closing Lets Sing
  • Red Trinity p 353 I Love Thy Kingdom Lord
  • All six verses
  • Note the references to the church means a lot
    more when you realize how hard he fought to keep
    the church doctrinally pure

39
Next Week Last Class
  • Michael Holloway Immanuel Kant
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com