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Ionic Bonding

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Charge of monatomic ion is its oxidation # Determining formulas. Write ions ... Monatomic cations use element's name. eg: K = potassium ion, Ba2 = barium ion ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ionic Bonding


1
Ionic Bonding
  • Chapter 8


2
Forming Chemical Bonds
  • Chemical bond force that holds two atoms
    together
  • Can be formed from attraction b/t one atoms
    nucleus the others e-
  • Can be formed from the attraction b/t cation
    anion
  • Only valence e- involved
  • (reactivity based on of valence e-)

3
Formation of a positive ion

4
Cations
  • Formed from loss of valence e-
  • Ne 1s22s22p6
  • Na 1s22s22p63s1
  • Na 1s22s22p6 (noble gas configuration)
  • Ne 1s22s22p6
  • Mg 1s22s22p63s2
  • Mg2 1s22s22p6 (noble gas configuration)

5
Formation of a negative ion

6
Anions
  • Formed from gain of valence e-
  • Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6
  • Cl 1s22s22p63s23p5
  • Cl- 1s22s22p63s23p6 (noble gas configuration)
  • Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6
  • S 1s22s22p63s23p4
  • S2- 1s22s22p63s23p6 (noble gas configuration)

7
"GENEROUS"
NON-METALS
METALS
8
How do you know the charge?
Li
Be
B
C
2e-
6p
3p
4p
5p
1
IA
VIIA
VIIIA
3
2
IIA
IIIA
VIA
VA
IVA
9
Formation Nature of Ionic Bonds
  • Ionic bond electrostatic force that holds
    oppositely charge particles together
  • Formed b/t metals nonmetals
  • Formed from transfer of electrons
  • Referred to as salts or oxides
  • Formation of NaCl
  • Overall charge on an ionic compound is always ZERO

10
Metals combine with non-metals Metals lose
electrons to non-metals They then attract because
their charges will be opposite.
Metals
11
Properties of Ionic Compounds
  • Ions packed tightly to form crystal lattice
  • High m.p. b.p.
  • Lattice energy energy required to break ionic
    bond (high)
  • Electrolytes ionic compound whose aqueous
    solution conducts electricity

12
Whats an ion? Lets find out
Coil of wire
battery
_

_

compass
13
Switch is open. Nothing happening yet.
Coil of wire
battery
_

_

compass
Copper Chloride
14
If copper atoms are going to the negative side,
what charge do they have?
What about the chlorine atoms?
Coil of wire
battery
_

_

compass
Copper Chloride
15
Since the atoms wandered towards each side, lets
call them IONS from the Greek word, ion, meaning
wanderer.
Coil of wire
battery
_

_

compass




Copper Chloride
16
Also, since the positive side of a battery is
called the anode (way up), well call ions that
go towards it anions.
Since the negative side of a battery is called
the cathode (way down), well call ions that go
towards it cations.
_

anode
cathode
_

anode
cathode




Cations
Anions




Copper Chloride CuCl2
17
Names Formulas for Ionic Compounds

18
Ionic Formulas
  • Formula unit simplest ratio of ions in an ionic
    compound
  • Monatomic ion one-atom ion
  • eg Na, Mg2, Cl-, O2-
  • Charge of monatomic ion is its oxidation
  • Determining formulas
  • Write ions with charges
  • Oxidation becomes subscript on other ion
    (criss-cross)
  • Write formula (NO CHARGES!!!)
  • Try sodium chloride

19
Practice Makes Perfect

20
Write formulas for compounds formed b/t
  • potassium iodide
  • magnesium chloride
  • aluminum bromide
  • cesium nitride
  • barium sulfide

21
Polyatomic Ions
  • Polyatomic ion ion made of more than one atom
  • eg NH4, NO3-, OH-, ClO4-
  • Never change subscripts of atoms in polyatomic
    ions
  • Memorize chart on p. 224
  • Determining formulas
  • Follow same procedures as before
  • Use parentheses () when theres more than one
    polyatomic ion
  • Try ammonium chloride

22
These polyatomic ions match the charge of the
single element
-1
Ions with -1 charge perbromate BrO4-1 bromate
BrO3-1 bromite BrO2-1 hypobromite
BrO-1 perchlorate ClO4-1 chlorate
ClO3-1 chlorite ClO2-1 hypochlorite
ClO-1 periodate IO4-1 iodate
IO3-1 iodite IO2-1 hypoiodite
IO-1
23
These polyatomic ions match the charge of the
single element
Ions with a -2 Charge sulfate SO4-2 sulfite
SO3-2 Ions with a -3 Charge phosphate
PO4-3 phosphite PO3-3
-3
-2
24
Practice Makes Perfect

25
Write formulas for compounds formed b/t
  • sodium nitrate
  • calcium chlorate
  • aluminum carbonate
  • potassium chromate
  • magnesium sulfate

26
Naming Compounds
27
Oxyanions
  • Oxyanion polyatomic ion containing oxygen
  • One with more O ends ate
  • eg sulfate SO42-, nitrate NO3-
  • One with fewer O ends ite
  • eg sulfite SO32-, nitrite NO2-

28
Naming Ionic Compounds
  • Name cation first
  • Monatomic cations use elements name
  • eg K potassium ion, Ba2 barium ion
  • Monatomic anions use elements root name ide
  • eg Cl- chloride ion, O2- oxide ion
  • Some elements have more than one oxidation ?
    roman numeral used to indicate oxidation state
  • eg Fe2 iron(II) ion, Fe3 iron(III) ion
  • If compound contains polyatomic ion, simply name
    ion

29
Examples 1 - Formulas to Names
1. Write the names of the ions
2. Determine the charge of the positive ion
  • MgCl2

Im a monatomic ion
magnesium
chloride
If the positive ion has a fixed charge, you are
finished.
Final Name
30
Examples 2- Formulas to Names
1. Write the names of the ions
2. Determine the charge of the positive ion
  • LiCN

Im a polyatomic ion
lithium
cyanide
If the positive ion has a fixed charge, you are
finished.
Final Name
31
Examples 3- Formulas to Names
  • CuSO3

1. Write the names of the ions
0
-2
2. Determine the charge of the positive ion
Cu
SO3
2
x
X (- 2) 0
Im a polyatomic ion
You must know the charge on the sulfite ion is -2
The sum of the positive and negative charges must
equal zero
2 2
X 2
copper
sulfite
(II)
Final Name
Next
32
Practice Makes Perfect

33
Name the following compounds
  • NaBr
  • CaCl2
  • KOH
  • Cu(NO3)2
  • Ag2CrO4

34
Metallic Bonding
  • Electron Sea Model all metal atoms in a
    metallic solid contribute their valence e- to
    form a sea of electrons
  • e- not held by a specific atom ? they move freely
    ? delocalized e-
  • Metallic bond attraction of metallic cations
    for delocalized e-

35
Properties of metals
  • High m.p. b.p. (attraction b/t cations e-)
  • Malleable, ductile, lustrous
  • Good conductors (delocalized e- move
    heat/electricity through rapidly)
  • Alloy mixture of elements that has metallic
    properties
  • eg steel
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