Chapter Twelve

1
Chapter Twelve

• Human Development

2
Theories of Language Development

• 1. As children learn words they learn rules
  for putting them together.
• 2. Cooing and Babbling are spontaneous .
• Institutionalized children take longer to talk
  then one raised by a family.
• 3. First words are concrete.
• Identifies words with situations and functions
• Ie. Table eat Table- chair

3
Theories contd

• Word order develops
• Open words they can be used alone
• Some examples
• Baby doll dog cat etc.
• Pivot words
• Cannot be used alone
• Ie. Green my
• Word order is learned by parroting adult
  sentences.
• Grammatical Rules
• 2 ½ - 3 years old
• May say I digged a hole (apply rules for making
  nouns plural not realizing they are incorrect)

4
Personality Development

• Newborn is completely helpless and yet utterly
  selfish.
• Needs must be satisfied
• Egocentricity vs. complete dependency
• First conflict a child must resolve.
• Establish feelings about the world and image of
  themselves called personality.

5
Parenting Styles

• Socialization shaped by cultural values.
• Distinct European-American parenting styles
• Authoritarian
• Permissive
• Authoritative
• Related to young childrens social and emotional
  development.

6
Limitations of Parenting Studies

• Based on correlational evidence.
• How children perceive the discipline received may
  be what is influential.
• Correlations between parenting style and
  childrens behavior not terribly large.
• No universally best style of parenting.

7
Relationship with Peers

• Relationships with other children start early.
• During school years peer interaction becomes
  more complex and structured.
• Importance of friends

8
Important Social Skills Learned

• Ability to engage in sustained responsive
  interactions with peers.
• Ability to detect and correctly interpret other
  peoples emotional signals.
• Empathy and Sympathy
• Understanding how others feel
• Caring about how others feel
• Self-Regulation

9
Freud Psychosexual Stages

• Instincts play a key role in human development.
• Sexual instincts are dominant
• Sexual gratification is derived from the
  pleasures obtained in satisfying such basic
  survival needs as
• Eating defecating as well as acts that are
  sexual in nature

10
How does Freud explain socialization and self
development

• Through a process of psychosexual development
  with the following stages
• The Oral stage from birth to one
• Oral gratification (mouth) as the focus for
  pleasure seeking
• Sucking biting chewing
• Motivated to find objects to suck to satisfy oral
  need
• 2. The Anal stage from one to three
• Anal gratification as the focus for pleasure
  seeking.
• Derives satisfaction from the act of expelling or
  withholding feces.
• Parent/child conflict over toilet training
• Some with retain feces to point of constipation
• These children later in life are likely to be
  obstinate stingy overly precise cruel and
  compulsively neat.

11

• 3. Phallic stage four to seven
• Discovery of genitals
• Child finds satisfaction in exploring genital
  organs
• The Oedipus Complex
• Strong narcissism a need for continual
  recognition and appreciation of their unique
  qualities.
• 4. Latency stage from seven to puberty
• The child turns away from emotional development
  to pursue more social and intellectual
  development
• No parent/child conflicts to resolve - attracted
  to world around them
• 5. Genital stage from puberty on
• Adult sexuality and heterosexual desires become
  the focus for emotional development
• Parent/adolescent conflicts over friends
  significant others and whom adolescents want to
  become as adults

12
Freudian Stages
6 yrs to puberty
Birth to 1½ yrs
1½ to 3 yrs
Puberty onward
3 to 6 years
Phallic Stage Childs pleasure focuses on
genitals
Latency Stage Child represses sexual
interest and develops social and intellectual sk
ills
Anal Stage Childs pleasure focuses on
anus
Genital Stage A time of sexual reawakening
source of sexual pleasure becomes
someone outside of the family
Oral Stage Infants pleasure centers on
mouth
Figure 2.1
13
Eric Erikson

• Eriksons Psychosocial Theory
• 8 stages of psychosocial development
• Social approval is important to development
• Each has a unique developmental task
• Developmental change occurs throughout life span
• Key points of psychoanalytic theories
• Early experiences and family relationships are
  very important to development
• Unconscious aspects of the mind are considered
• Personality is best seen as a developmental
  process
• Each stage builds on the last

14
Eriksons Eight Life-Span Stages
Figure 2.2
15
Eriksons Eight Stages
Child develops a belief that the environment can
be counted on to meet his or her basic
physiological and social needs.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy
16
Eriksons Eight Stages
Child learns what he/she can control and develops
a sense of free will and corresponding sense of
regret and sorrow for inappropriate use of
self-control.
Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt
Toddlerhood
17
Eriksons Eight Stages
Child learns to begin action to explore to
imagine as well as feeling remorse for actions.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Early Childhood
18
Eriksons Eight Stages
Child learns to do things well or correctly in
comparison to a standard or to others
Industry vs. Inferiority
Middle Childhood
19
Eriksons Eight Stages

• Develops a sense of self in relationship to
  others and to own internal thoughts and desires
• social identity
• personal identity

Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence
20
Eriksons Eight Stages
Develops ability to give and receive love begins
to make long-term commitment to relationships
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adulthood
21
Eriksons Eight Stages
Develops interest in guiding the development of
the next generation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood
22
Eriksons Eight Stages
Develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was
lived and the importance of the people and
relationships that individual developed over the
lifespan
Ego-integrity vs. Despair
Later Adulthood