Integumentary and Skeletal Systems I' Structure of Integument A' Layers 1' basement membrane 2' epid

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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers 1.
basement membrane 2. epidermis 3. cuticle
Cuticle

Gland Cells
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3. cuticle
2. epidermis
gland cell
1. basement membrane
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers 3.
cuticle a. Layers of cuticle 1)
endocuticle (non-sclerotized) a)
light bands b) dark bands
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Dark bands
endocuticle
Light band with lamellae
epidermis
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers 3.
cuticle a. Layers of cuticle 1)
endocuticle a) light bands b) dark bands
2) exocuticle (sclerotized)
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exocuticle
(molted exoskeleton exuviae)
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers 3.
cuticle a. Layers of cuticle 1)
endocuticle 2) exocuticle 3)
epicuticle
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epicuticle
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers 3.
cuticle a. Layers of cuticle
b. Chemical composition chitin fibers
embedded in a matrix of proteins 1)
chitin 25
C8H13O5N
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers 3.
cuticle a. Layers of cuticle b.
Chemical composition 1) chitin 2)
proteins 50
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Types of cuticular proteins -- resilin
rubber like scaffolding -- sclerotins
undergo tanning process (sclerotization) --
arthropodins
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers 3.
cuticle a. Layers of cuticle b.
Chemical composition 1) chitin 2)
proteins 3) phenols quinones tanning
process
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers B. External
integumentary processes 1. spines --
multicellular -- hollow outgrowths of cuticle
lined with epidermis
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Spiny Devil Katydid
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers B.
External integumentary processes 1. spines
2. setae
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Structure of Insect Seta
collar of chitin
seta
cuticle
Tormogen cell (forms socket)
Tirchogen cell (secretes seta)
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Seta with sensory function sensillum
seta
cuticle
dendrite
Tormogen cell (forms socket)
Sensory neuron
Tirchogen cell (secretes seta)
axon
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument A. Layers B.
External integumentary processes C. Molting
and Growth -- molting ecdysis --
emergence from cuticle eclosion -- cast off
cuticle exuviae -- all molting and growth
occurs during developmental stages adult
insects do not molt or grow in size
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• Exoskeleton presents insects with two problems
• Must molt to grow (molting ecdysis)

exuviae
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• Exoskeleton presents insects with two problems
• Must metamorphosize into adult ( imago)

egg
larva
larva
imago
pupa
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• Molting and Growth 1. hormonal regulation
• a. neurosecretory cells in pars
  intercerebralis produce prothoracicotropic
  hormone (PTTH) stored in corpora alata released
  into hemolymph
• b. carried to prothoracic gland
• stimulates release of ecdysone
• c. ecdysone binds with nuclear
• receptors in cells of epidermis
• gene regulatory protein
• enters nuclei of epidermal cells
• activates gene programs

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• ecdysone causes 3 responses from epidermal cells
• apolysis forms exuvial space
• secrete molting fluid (chitinases proteases)
  digests old endocuticle from bottom up
• secrete new cuticle
• under old exocuticle
• epicuticle exocuticle
• endocuticle
• e. Brain releases eclosion
• hormone causes old
• exocuticle to split
• insect ecloses
• f. Expands new cuticle by pumping hemolymph
• or air release bursicon to cause
  sclerotizatoin

Exocuticle
Endocuticle
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• Molting and Growth 2. molting and metamorphosis
• -- ecdysone produced by prothorasic gland
  controls molting promotes adult characteristics
• -- juvenile hormone (JH) produced by corpora
  alata promotes larval characteristics

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if JH above threshold level ecdysone promotes
molting but larval characteristics are retained
next larval stage
JH Titer in Hemolymph
Threshold JH
if JH below threshold level ecdysone promotes
molting and development of adult characteristics
imago
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Pupa Adult
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsI.
Structure of Integument II. Insect Skeleton
composed of plates ( sclerites)
separated by membranous areas ( conjunctiva)
A. Head 1. cranium -- joined to
body by cervix -- composed of 4-7 fused
segments each with paired appendages
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Insect Cranium
Coronal suture
Frontal suture
Frons
Gena
clypeus
Labial plap
labrum
Maxillary palp
mandible
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cranium side view
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Internal Components of Cranium Tentorium
(attachment points for muscles cradles the brain)
Dorsal tentorial arm
Foramen magnum
Posterior tentorial arm
clypeus
Anterior tentorial arm
labrum
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cranium modifications
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Order Homoptera Lantern fly head
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 1. cranium 2.
sensory structures a. compound eyes
-- composed of ommatidia
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Insect Head sensory structures
Compound eye
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Compound Eyes
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 1. cranium 2.
sensory structures a. compound eyes
b. ocelli
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Insect Head sensory structures
ocellus
Compound eye
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Compound Eyes and Ocelli
ocelli
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 1. cranium 2.
sensory structures a. compound eyes
b. ocelli c. antennae
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Insect Head sensory structures
Antennal socket
scape
pedicel
flagellum
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Figure 20.43d
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 1. cranium 2.
sensory structures 3. mouthparts a.
generalized plan
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Insect Mouthparts
clypeus
Labial plap
labrum
Maxillary palp
mandible
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Mouthparts generalized plan
gena
frons
maxilla
clypeus
maxillary palp
labrum
labial palp
mandibles
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Mouthparts generalized plan
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Mouthparts hypopharynx and cibarium
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Mouthparts hypopharynx and cibarium
pharynx
hypopharynx
mouth
clypeus
salivary duct
cibarium
labrum
labium
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 3. mouthparts
a. generalized plan b. feeding types
1) mandibulate (chewing)
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Mandibulate Mouthparts
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Mandibulate Mouthparts modifications
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 3. mouthparts
a. generalized plan b. feeding
types 1) mandibulate 2)
haustellate (liquid feeders) a)
external fluid feeders (nectar animal
secretions etc.)
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Haustellate Mouthparts external fluid feeders
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Haustellate mouthparts siphoning
galea
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Haustellate Mouthparts sponging
proboscis
labella
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Haustellate mouthparts Chewing-lapping
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 3. mouthparts
a. generalized plan b. feeding types
1) mandibulate 2) haustellate
a) external fluid feeders b)
internal fluid feeders
(blood plant sap)
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Haustellate mouthparts internal fluid feeders
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Haustellate mouthparts mosquito
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Haustellate mouthparts flea
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Haustellate mouthparts cicada
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton A. Head 3. mouthparts
a. generalized plan b. feeding types
1) mandibulate 2)
haustellate 3) immature stages
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Mouthparts immature stagesmandibulate
mouthparts
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Mouthparts of immature stagesspinnerets of
lepidoterans and hymenopterans (maxillae
hypopharynx labium)
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Mouthparts of immature stagesspinnerets of
lepidoterans and hymenopterans
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton A. Head B. Thorax 1.
structure a. generalized thoracic
segment
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Insect Thorax
roof notum or tergum floor sternum side
pleuron
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment
(tergum)
conjunctiva
sclerites
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton B. Thorax 1. structure
a. generalized thoracic segment 1) tergum
(notum) a) postnotum
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment tergum
alinotum
postnotum
phragma of pronotum
phragma
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment internal
phragma
wing
hemocoel
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pronotum
mesonotum
metanotum
phragma
dorso-longitudinal flight muscles
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton B. Thorax 1. structure
a. generalized thoracic segment
1) tergum (notum) a) postnotum
b) alinotum
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment tergum
alinotum
postnotum
scutum scutellum
scutoscutellar suture
anterior notal process
phragma
posterior notal process
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton B. Thorax 1. structure
a. generalized thoracic segment
1) tergum (notum) 2) pleuron a)
pleural suture
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment pleuron
epimeron
episternum
pleural suture
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment
pleural ridge
pleural suture
pleural apophysis
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton B. Thorax 1. structure
a. generalized thoracic segment 1)
tergum (notum) 2) pleuron
a) pleural suture b) wing
articulation points
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment pleuron
pleural wing process
basalar
subalar
epimeron
episternum
pleural suture
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton B. Thorax 1. structure
a. generalized thoracic segment 1)
tergum (notum) 2) pleuron
a) pleural suture b) wing
articulation points c) leg
articulation points
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment pleuron
pleural wing process
basalar
subalar
epimeron
episternum
pleural suture
coxal articulation
coxal cavity
trochantin
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton B. Thorax 1.
structure a. generalized thoracic
segment 1) tergum (notum) 2)
pleuron 3) sternum
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment
basisternum
sternellum
sternacostal suture
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Generalized Mesothoracic Segment
sternal apophysis
sternacosta
sternacostal suture
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton B. Thorax 1.
structure a. generalized thoracic
segment 1) tergum (notum) 2)
pleuron 3) sternum b. Pronotum
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pronotum modifications
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton B. Thorax 1.
structure a. generalized thoracic
segment b. pronotum 2. legs
a. generalized structure
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Tarsal Claws and Arolium
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton B. Thorax 1.
structure 2. legs a. generalized
structure b. modifications
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Insect Legs Types of movement
cursorial fossorial raptorial
saltatorial natatorial
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Insect Legs specialized structures Honey
bee
Foreleg antenna cleaner
Hindleg corbiculum
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Pollen Forager
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton B. Thorax 2. legs
a. generalized structure b.
modifications 3. wings a.
generalized structure
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Honey Bee Forewing
Wing veins
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Insect Wing cross section
cuticle
epidermis
wing vein
hemocoel with hemolymph
trachea
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton B. Thorax 2. legs 3.
wings a. generalized structure
b. wing coupling devices
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forewing
hindwing
hindwing
forewing
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frenulum
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
jugum
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton B. Thorax 2. legs
3. wings a. generalized
structure b. wing coupling devices
c. modifications
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Order Coleoptera
elytra
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Figure 20.30a
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Order Mantodea
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Figure 20.30c
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Order Diptera True Flies
haltere
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Order Isoptera Order Hymenoptera ants
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Order Anoplura Order Siphonaptera
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton C. Abdomen 1.
generalized structure
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(cerci)
conjunctiva
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Order Hymenoptera
petiole
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII. Insect
Skeleton C. Abdomen 1. generalized
structure 2. external genitalia a.
female 1) ovipositor valvifers and
valvulae
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Order Hymenoptera Parasitoid wasp
ovipositor
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Order Hymenoptera Parasitoid wasp
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Order Hymenoptera Parasitoid wasp
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Order Hymenoptera Parasitoid wasp
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Order Hymenoptera Mud Dauber Building Nest
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Order Hymenoptera Mud Dauber Provisioning Nest
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Order Hymenoptera Mud dauber
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Order Hymenoptera Mud dauber nest
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Order Hymenoptera Paper wasps
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Order Hymenoptera Paper wasp nest
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Order Hymenoptera Yellow jackets
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Order Hymenoptera Hornet nest
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Order Hymenoptera Hornet nest
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Honey Bee Stinger
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton C. Abdomen 1.
generalized structure 2. external genitalia
a. female 1) ovipositor 2)
ovicapt
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton C. Abdomen 1.
generalized structure 2. external genitalia
a. female b. male adeagus
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Drone genitalia
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Integumentary and Skeletal SystemsII.
Insect Skeleton C. Abdomen 1.
generalized structure 2. external genitalia
3. abdominal prolegs
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