THE 411 ON DRUGS

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THE 411 ON DRUGS

• Psychology
• Fall 2006
• Mrs. Bailey

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WHAT IS A DRUG?A drug is any substance which
can impair a persons ability to safely function
in society

• Illegal controlled substances such as cocaine,
  heroin, and marijuana
• Prescription medicines such as valium and codeine
• Alcoholic beverages
• Chemical solvents such as spray paint, glue, and
  gasoline
• Natural plant intoxicants
• Tobacco
• Over the counter medications
• Inhalants

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CLASSIFICATIONS

• Hallucinogens
• Narcotics
• Inhalants
• Stimulants
• Depressants

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HALLUCINOGENS

• Ecstasy
• LSD
• Mushrooms
• Peyote
• Phencyclidine/PCP/Angel Dust
• Mescaline
• Marijuana

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STIMULANTS

• Amphetamine
• Cocaine
• Crack Cocaine
• Ice/Crystal Meth
• Methamphetamine
• Ritalin
• Coca Leaves
• Caffeine

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STIMULANTSSigns and Symptoms

• Grossly dilated pupils
• Hand tremors
• Hyperactivity or wired stimulated condition
• Flushed skin tone
• Sweating
• Dry mouth
• High blood pressure, pulse rate, and body
  temperature
• Long term addicts will display malnutrition,
  paranoia, aggression and depression

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NARCOTICS

• Heroin
• Morphine
• Opium
• OxyContin
• Poppy

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NARCOTICSSigns and Symptoms

• Severely pin-pointed pupils which do not react to
  light changes
• Flaccid muscle tone
• Face and arm itching
• Sedated condition
• Dreamy walk/talk
• Nose drip or nasal injury if snorted by new user

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DEPRESSANTS

• Date Rape Drugs
• GHB
• Rohypnol
• Ketamine
• Alcohol
• Barbiturates
• Methaqualone X10 barbs

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DEPRESSANTSSigns and Symptoms

• Drunken appearance with poor muscle control and
  impaired balance
• Disorientation as to place/time
• Impaired memory w/ possible blackouts
• Droopy eye lids, involuntary jerking of the eyes
  and slowed pupil response to light stimulus

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• Higher doses lead to medical emergencies
• Low pulse rate
• Low blood pressure
• Depressed respiration
• Possible coma and/or death
• Produce both physical and psychological addiction

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ECSTASY - MDMASigns and Symptoms

• Dilated pupils
• Hyperthermia-sweating
• Involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth
  and jaw
• Rapid eye movement
• Blurred vision
• Heat stroke

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• Muscle tension
• Confusion
• Sleeplessness
• Dehydration
• Impaired coordination
• Increase heart rate and blood pressure

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EFFECTS OF X

• General Effects
• Extreme euphoria
• Loss of inhibitions
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorientation
• Impaired coordination
• confusion

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LONG TERM EFFECTS OF X

• Physical tolerance
• Psychological dependence
• Prolonged depression
• Anxiety
• Flashbacks
• Brain damage
• Liver damage
• Heart failure
• Kidney failure

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COCAINE CRACK COCAINE Signs and Symptoms

• Elevated temperature, heart rate, blood pressure,
  and respiration
• Decreased appetite
• Hyper alertness
• Unusually aggressive
• Nausea
• Abdominal pain
• Headaches
• Paranoia
• Increased irritability, restlessness, and anxiety
  (tremors and twitching)

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The effects of crack cocaine are quicker and more
intense.
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COCAINELong Term Effects

• Strong psychological dependence
• Eating disorders
• Impotence
• Seizures
• Strokes
• Physical tolerance
• Severe withdrawal
• Malnutrition
• Permanent nasal damage

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MARIJUANASigns and Symptoms

• Blood shot eyes
• Dilated pupils
• Dry mouth
• Impaired motor skills
• Sweating
• Easily confused
• Talkative
• Elevated heart rate
• Elevated blood pressure
• Elevated respiration

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MARIJUANA Signs and Symptoms Continued

• Marked red cast to the whites of the eyes caused
  by dilation of the tiny capillary blood vessels
• Pupils will be dilated and both will not track a
  moving object in perfect unison
• Slight muscular tremor in the eye lids, fingers,
  stomach muscles, and even the legs
• Silver coated tongue
• Mental disorientation with markedly slow internal
  body clock perception
• Paranoia and anxiety psychosis at high doses or
  with some new users

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Still More Marijuana Signs and Symptoms

• Very marked change in friends
• Abrupt change in personality
• Apathetic attitude
• Feelings of persecution, especially by authority
  figures
• Tendency to look or act sleepy and do things
  slowly
• Overly aggressive or overly passive

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MARIJUANALong Term Effects

• Lung cancer
• Throat and mouth cancer
• Respiratory disease
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Stomach ulcers
• Tolerance and psychological dependence
• Impaired short term memory
• Impaired learning ability

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INHALANTSSigns and Symptoms

• Odor on breath and clothes
• Runny nose, watery eyes
• Poor muscle control
• Drowsiness or even unconsciousness
• Dizziness
• Painting nails w/whiteout

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• Impaired judgment
• Apathy
• Hallucinations
• Discarded aerosol containers
• Bags or rags with dried model glue, etc.
• Chapped lips or sores around nose and mouth

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INHALANTSLong Term Effects

• Weight loss
• Irritability
• Depression
• Loss of coordination
• Irreversible damage to liver, kidneys, lungs, and
  brain
• Withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, insomnia,
  nausea, and seizures

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ALCOHOLSigns and Symptoms

• Odor on breath
• Loss of coordination
• Slurred or mixed up speech
• Inability to account for money true for all
  drugs
• Unexplained damage to person, or to personal
  possessions
• Changes in relationships with friends and family
  members
• Loss of consciousness
• Avoidant behavior
• Secrecy
• Empty containers

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PROGRESSION

• No use
• Experimental
• Social/Recreational
• Harmful Involvement
• Dependency/Addiction

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The next several slides uses information and
images found at the Brainplace.com. A link has
been added to our class and we will be using
their images throughout the semester. I
encourage you to become familiar with the site.

• http//brainplace.com/bp/atlas/ch15.php

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SPECT images 3D Images

• Helpful for evaluating the effects of drugs and
  alcohol on the brain
• Cocaine and meth abuse appear as multiple small
  holes across the cortical surface
• Heroine abuse appears as marked decreased
  activity across the whole cortical surface
• Heavy marijuana abuse shows decreased activity in
  the temporal lobes bilaterally
• Heavy alcohol abuse shows marked decreased
  activity throughout the brain
• SPECT may help evaluate if there is an underlying
  neuropsychiatry condition that needs treatment.

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MARIJUANA IMAGES
18 Year Old 3 Year History 4x a week use
16 Year Old 2 Year History Daily use
Decreased temporal lobe activity marijuana usage
typically causes decreased activity in the
posterior temporal lobes bilaterally
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MARIJUANA IMAGES CONT
28 Years 10 Years of mostly weekend usage
38 Years 12 Years of daily usage
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Normal Brain
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ALCOHOL ABUSE
38 Years Old 17 Years Heavy weekend use
Top
Right Side
Underside
Front
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Cocaine and Methadone
24 Years Old 2 Year Frequent Use
28 Years Old 8 Years Heavy Meth Use
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COCAINE AND METH
24 Years Old 2 Years Frequent Cocaine Use
52 Years Old 28 Years Frequent Meth Use
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For more information see Dr. Amen's article High
Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging in Marijuana
Smokers with AD/HD, Journal of Psychoactive
Drugs, Volume 30, No. 2 April-June 1998. Pgs
1-13Thank you to Charlie Gerke for information
on this subject.