Composition 101

1
Composition 101

• For me, writing is an exploration and most of
  the time, Im surprised where the journey takes
  me.
• Jack Dann

By Bridget Smith
2
Table of Contents

• Essays
• Definition of a narrative essay
• My narrative essay
• Definition of a description essay
• My description essay
• Definition of an exemplification essay
• My exemplification essay
• Definition of a process analysis essay
• My process analysis essay
• Writing the essay
• Methods of Invention
• Clustering
• Freewriting
• Forming an Outline
• Essential Elements of an essay
• About the author

• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15-17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24

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Essays

• Narrative
• Description
• Exemplification
• Process Analysis

4
Narrative

• A narrative tells a story by presenting events
  in an orderly, logical sequence (Kirszner 83).
• Rich, specific details chronological order, verb
  tense, transition words.

5
Narrative Essay

• 
  Recurring
  Nightmare
• I never fully understood my lifetime fear of
  bridges over deep rivers. The recurring nightmare
  that revolves around this trepidation has been
  both vivid and frightening since my youth.
  Although I may never comprehend its meaning, one
  thing remains certain when this nightmare
  occurs it unleashes feelings of morbidity and
  dread.
• It is late evening and the sky is foreboding and
  overcast. Cumulus clouds invade the sky, like
  monstrous warriors in armies of black and gray,
  and continuing to push closer and closer with
  each passing moment. I am nestled in a black car
  wearing a red full length gown of silk and
  taffeta. Suddenly, I realize Im on a bridge and
  am overcome with uncertainty. With the dense fog
  swarming around me and the glare of flashing
  headlights, I feel even more uneasy and my
  stomach begins to churn. I look out my window and
  everything is a blur. The muffled voices of
  passengers coupled with the obnoxious sounds of
  car horns make my head pound.
• Although my windshield is ordained with moisture
  and fog, I am able to see the river rapidly
  rising. Short, choppy waves of murky water move
  in a succinct rhythm like a band of soldiers. I
  close my eyes for a moment, trying to remain
  composed as a trickle of sweat runs down my neck.
  A sudden wave of panic and nausea rushes over me
  as my breathing becomes rapid. I become intently
  focused and listen theres a huge cracking sound
  and something plunges into the water. Screams
  follow shortly thereafter, evidently close yet
  sounding so far away. I realize that the bridge
  is collapsing. Out of terror, I pray to God to
  spare my life and end this disaster. The bolts of
  the bridge are coming unscrewed as if an unknown
  force is tearing the bridge apart, causing this
  catastrophe. I attempt to remove myself from the
  vehicle but my effort is useless. I begin to feel
  myself gradually slipping until the vehicle
  plummets into the water below. Everything seems
  to occur in slow motion. Even though Im the
  person in the car, I feel as if Im outside
  looking in, watching the incident play-by-play.
• Once I hear the strident splashing sounds as
  tons of cars fall into the water, I instinctively
  know that Im going to die. I find myself stuck
  in an underwater world where nothing can be seen
  except the swirling mixture of dirt, sand, and
  muck. I somehow manage to remove myself from the
  car, but I am unable to swim to the surface no
  matter how hard I try. I struggle and struggle
  but my body is so weak! All I can see are shades
  of brown and the vibrant red material from my
  dress. There is a bright light that shines down
  into the water and I reach out for it as if it
  holds some sort of key to my survival. But I am
  weak, so vulnerable and powerless to the river
  that I let it take over as its waters permeate
  through my nose and mouth. I know I am dying and
  nothing can be done. Before I know what actually
  happens, I awake.
• To me, this nightmare reveals an intense fear
  that stems from an unknown source. My mom
  informed me that she used to have dreams like
  this one when she was younger. It has occurred
  for a number of years, sometimes randomly or when
  Im stressed. Ive never had a direct experience
  even close to this however, the thought of
  spending my last moments being under siege by the
  rivers powerful currents scares me terribly.

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Description

• A description essay tells readers about the
  physical characteristics of a person, place, or
  thing and relies on the five senses (Kirszner
  143).
• Depicts sights, sounds, touch, taste, smell.
• Words convey sizes and directions.

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Description Essay
Photographer Eugene Richards captures an intense
moment in his black and white picture entitled
Tending to A Stabbing Victim Who Ultimately
Survived. This snapshot stole a moment in time
when pure physical pain was at its peak. The
general image is of a man in dire suffering, but
as we look closer and observe the details of the
photograph, we can only imagine being the victim
in this image.
I believe that anothers suffering can be
experienced through art and photography. This
picture features a man sprawled out on a narrow
table with IVs attached to various places on his
body. Napkins and cloths are used to stop the
heavy flow of blood. Even though the photo is in
black and white, dark spots can be seen on the
cloths, a stark reminder that portrays the
reality of a suffering man. Hands dressed in
latex gloves tend to the victim, working quickly
to spare his life. When one looks at this
photograph, the pain felt by the victim is
remarkably evident. His eyes are shut tightly,
head tilted back, and mouth wide open obviously
releasing screams of distress. This is when we
see the human body at its weakest. As one
observes his facial expressions his screams seem
to be heard, overshadowing the voices of doctors
exchanging their medical jargon. The man
struggles to stay alive, using all the energy his
body contains. His arms tighten, hands clench, as
he feels his own blood ooze out of his body and
the soft fabric of cloth trying to stop it. He
can feel the rubbery latex against his dark skin
and more blood that trickles down his hip. The
tastes of antibiotics mixed with blood linger on
his tongue. Anyone can look at this photograph
and describe it based on what they merely see.
Richards goes above and beyond by portraying what
humans fear pain. The sense of physical pain is
so dominant in this photograph that it seems to
hide the general image itself. The victim
breathes, tastes, touches, feels emotion and
physical suffering. Richards proves a point we
can all see on some levels, this man is just
like you and I.
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Exemplification
An exemplification essay uses one or more
specific examples to illustrate or explain a
general or abstract point (Kirszer
203). Examples help to explain, clarify, add
interest, persuade, and support the thesis.
9
Exemplification Essay

• In the eye-opening essay The Human Cost of an
  Illiterate Society author Jonathan Kozol
  discusses the limits illiterate citizens face in
  their daily lives. Kozol introduces a strong
  usage of exemplification and rhetorical
  techniques to support his ideas. Exemplification
  is a pattern of development where one or more
  examples illustrate or explain a general point or
  an abstract concept (Kirsner 203) and may be
  used as an effective way of persuading people
  that what you are saying is reasonable and worth
  considering (Kirsner 205). In regards to
  rhetorical technique, one must examine rhetoric
  as a whole and how it functions in Kozol's essay.
  Rhetoric is best defined as the art or practice
  of persuasion through any symbolic system, but
  especially language (Rhetoric). This essay
  will examine Kozol's use of exemplification,
  rhetorical strategies, and how they support the
  author's ideas. Kozol supports his
  thesis by applying exemplification in the
  following ways statistical studies, examples,
  and personal quotes. Statistics provide a wide
  basis for Kozol's ideas because the numerical
  values deliver proof that illiteracy is a major
  problem within the U.S. For example, Kozol states
  so long as 60 million Americans are denied
  significant participation, the government is
  neither of, nor for, nor by the people (Kirsner
  253). Kozol proves that illiteracy is a major
  issue since millions of Americans are deprived of
  reading skills. Furthermore, what kind of
  government, who claims to be of, for, and by the
  people, cannot find ways to solve this growing
  problem?

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Exemplification Essay Cont.

• The concept of exemplification is to illuminate
  one's point with specific examples. Kozol
  provides his audience with several examples which
  highlight how illiteracy affects all areas of a
  person's life. With each instance, Kozol makes
  powerful connotations that may evoke empathetic
  responses from the reader. Consider Kozol's
  statement about living an uninsured existence
• Several women I have known in Boston have
  entered a slum hospital with the intention of
  obtaining a tubal ligation and have emerged a few
  days later after having been subjected to a
  hysterectomy. Unaware of their rights,
  incognizant of jargon, intimidated by the
  unfamiliar air of fear and atmosphere of either
  that so many of us find oppressive in the
  confines even of the most attractive and
  expensive medical facilities, they have signed
  their names to documents they could not read in
  which nobody, in the hectic situation which
  prevails so often in those overcrowded hospitals
  that serve the urban poor, could even imagine
  (Kirnser 254).
• After reading this passage, the audience may
  become shocked and outraged because some
  illiterate citizens are robbed of their own
  rights. More importantly, readers may fall in
  line with Kozol's point of view due to the
  emotional responses elicited from the passage.
  Once the author has captured a sense of emotion
  from the audience, his thesis and ideas gain more
  strength throughout the essay. This method is
  called pathos and is the rhetorical technique
  which uses emotion to alter the audiences
  judgment (Rhetoric). Aside from rhetorical
  proof, Kozol's exemplification strategy continues
  with the use of repetition. With each example,
  Kozol begins with the phrase Illiterates
  cannot... For example
• Illiterates cannot read the menu at a
  restaurant (Kirsner 254).Illiterates cannot
  look up numbers in a telephone directory
  (Kirsner 255).Illiterates cannot read the
  notices they receive from welfare offices
  (Kirsner 255). The use of
  repetition serves a purpose to reiterate the
  point that as a result of illiteracy, individuals
  are negatively impacted in all areas of life. By
  using this strategy in the exemplification
  process, Kozol's idea that illiteracy is a major
  problem in America is strongly enforced upon the
  audience.

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Exemplification Essay Cont.

• Just as Kozol used narrative examples that
  appealed to the audience's emotions and
  effectively supported his ideas, he added quotes
  from illiterate citizens for the same reasons.
  Adding quotes is an effective exemplification
  strategy because Kozol wants the audience to
  comprehend what the illiterate population thinks,
  feels, and how their lives are impacted by
  illiteracy. For example
• I've lost a lot of jobs, one man explains.
  Today, even if your a janitor, there's still
  reading and writing ... They leave a note saying
  'Go to room so and so...' You can't do it. You
  can't read. You don't know (Kirsner 257).This
  statement proves that as a result of illiteracy,
  illiterates cannot even feel secure at lower
  status jobs. There is always the looming sense of
  uncertainty. The audience can read and analyze
  statements like these throughout the essay and
  think, That's what it is like to be an
  illiterate functioning in society. As
  discussed in the opening paragraph, rhetoric is
  the art of persuasion through language. Kozol
  uses three rhetorical devices (or strategies) in
  his essay to persuade his audience to analyze or
  think about the human cost of an illiterate
  society (Kirsner 252). The first
  device Kozol uses is an anecdote. An anecdote
  narrates a brief experience with the purpose of
  revealing a truth more general than the brief
  tale itself (Anecdote). In Kozol's essay, the
  following anecdote is used Since I
  first immersed myself within this work I have
  often had the following dream I
• find that I am in a railroad station
  or a large department store within a city that is
  utterly
• unknown to me and where I cannot
  understand the printed words. None of the signs
  or
• symbols is familiar. Everything looks
  strange like mirror writing of some kind.
  Gradually
• I understand that I am in the Soviet
  Union. All the letters on the walls around me are
  
• Cyrillic. I look for my pocket
  dictionary but I find that it has been mislaid.
  Where have I
• left it? Then I recall that I forgot to
  bring it with me when I packed my bags in Boston.
  I
• struggle to remember the name of my
  hotel. I try to ask somebody for directions. One
  
• person stops and looks at me in a
  peculiar way. I lose the nerve to ask. At last I
  reach into
• my wallet for an ID card. The card is
  missing. Have I lost it? Then I remember that my
  
• card was confiscated for some reason,
  many years before. At this point, I wake up in a
• panic (Kirsner 253).

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Exemplification Essay Cont.

• This anecdote serves a larger purpose to
  provide parallels between the character in the
  anecdote and illiterate American citizens. Just
  like the character, illiterates cannot interpret
  the world around them through signs and symbols.
  Written language appears confusing, and they are
  intimidated by society to ask for help concerning
  their problem. Illiterates feel overwhelmed and
  panicked with no sense of knowledge or direction.
  The function of the anecdote in terms of
  persuasion is to influence the audience to create
  these parallels, and to delve into the
  circumstance of illiteracy. The
  audience will notice that Kozol's essay exhibits
  a strong use of diction. Examine the following
  excerpt, for example Surgical
  denial of the right to bear that child in the
  first place represents an ultimate
• denial, an unspeakable metaphor, a final darkness
  that denies even the twilight gleaming
• of our own humanity. What great violation of our
  biological, our biblical, our spiritual
• humanity could possibly exist than that which
  takes place nightly, perhaps hourly these
• days, within such overburdened and benighted
  institutions as the Boston City Hospital?
• Illiteracy has many costs few are so reversible
  as this (Kirsner 254).
• Powerful diction and vocabulary usage
  seem to emphasize the cost of illiteracy. In this
  example, strong diction includes ultimate
  denial, twilight gleaming of our own humanity,
  and great violation (Kirsner 254). If the essay
  was narrated in simpler terms, it would otherwise
  lose its affect. Strength of word choice, in no
  matter what form of composition, can have a
  tremendous effect on any audience. Language is
  used to persuade, and Kozol effectively persuades
  his audience to grasp the issue of illiteracy and
  pay attention to his message through the use of
  language.

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Exemplification Essay Cont.

• The final rhetorical device involves the use of
  questions. Kozol directs questions at his
  audience as he forms his conclusion. For example
  
• Stephen now faces twenty years to
  life. Stephen's mother was illiterate. His
  grandparents
• were illiterate as well. What parental
  curse did not destroy was killed off finally by
  the
• schools. Silent violence is repaid with
  interest. It will cost us 25,000 yearly to
  maintain
• this broken soul in prison. But what is
  the price that has been paid by Stephen's victim?
  
• What is the price that will be paid by
  Stephen? (Kirsner 259) Consider this
  example This is a society that most of us did
  not create but which our President and other
  leaders have been willing to sustain by virtue of
  malign neglect. Do we posses that character and
  courage to address a problem which so many
  nations, poorer than our own, have found it
  natural to correct? (Kirsner 259).
  These questions are a positive rhetorical
  strategy since they not only provide a
  well-developed conclusion, but because they
  persuade the reader to critically examine The
  Human Cost of illiteracy. Furthermore, the final
  question challenges the audience, and may
  persuade folks to take action in order to change
  the problem our society faces. It can be
  determined that rhetoric and exemplification
  co-exist. While rhetoric involves persuasion
  through language, it can be almost impossible to
  persuade an audience without the use of
  well-developed examples (exemplification). Since
  these devices have been analyzed from The Human
  Cost of an Illiterate Society, one can conclude
  that Jonathan Kozol's use of exemplification and
  rhetoric constructs a strong foundation for a
  dynamic and provocative essay.

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Process Analysis

• A process essay explains how to do something or
  how something occurs (Kirsner 267).
• In class, our essays reflected how a process was
  carried out.
• Ex How the Cult of Thinness Shapes American
  Culture

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Process Analysis Essay

• How the Cult of Thinness
  Shapes American Culture I vividly
  remember going through the check-out line at
  Kroger while the flawless face of Nicole Kidman
  stared back at me. She had stolen the cover of
  Vanity Fair with her dainty nose, high cheek
  bones, wavy blond hair, and astonishingly thin
  physique. Her toned arms, lean legs, and
  protruding collar bone caught my attention I was
  reminded immediately that I did not resemble her
  in any way, shape, or form. Instead, I was the
  pudgy 14-year-old known by my peers as fatty,
  lard butt, or the chunky cheerleader. I took
  another look at Nicole Kidman and thought about
  the hurtful remarks before purchasing a Slim Fast
  shake and vowing to fit into a size two. I had
  been recruited unknowingly into the Cult of
  Thinness, which contains extreme power in shaping
  American Culture. Sharlene
  Hesse-Biber, author of the book Am I Thin Enough
  Yet? interviewed a young woman who said, If you
  are thin and firm you're more socially accepted,
  you have more self-confidence and you can achieve
  your goals more easily (62). It's not surprising
  that many people would agree with her, since
  being thin is the cultural norm. How is this
  cultural norm established? First, the Cult of
  Thinness confirms that being thin is more
  socially acceptable. According to Hesse-Biber,
  the capitalistic diet, cosmetic, and fitness
  industries along with modern patriarchy,
  controls women with the pressures to be thin
  (26).While capitalistic industries use their
  messages to control women, they also instill body
  image stereotypes within our culture. The
  stereotypical image, of course, is to be fit and
  thin. This concept has become ingrained so deeply
  in our culture that according to professor Paul
  Campos we see normal people as fat. We are so
  disgusted by fat that the only perfectly
  acceptable prejudice is prejudice against people
  who are overweight or obese (DeNoon, par.15).
  Our culture has become so accustomed to the thin
  body type that anything but thin is abnormal or
  wrong. Therefore, American culture develops
  prejudices against those who do not meet the thin
  standard. In fact, the prejudice against those
  who are not thin is taken on by society's younger
  generations. A recent study was conducted among
  children who were six or seven years old. When
  presented with pictures of muscular body types
  and overweight body types, the children showed a
  preference for muscular body types. A second
  study among children of the same age group
  revealed that overweight children were judged by
  their peers as being less physically attractive
  than children with physical disabilities (Sloan,
  par.28).

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Process Analysis Cont.

• The general American society is not the only
  group influenced by the Cult's message the
  family unit is influenced as well. Since family
  is a child's first interpreter of the outside
  world, parents have the power to reiterate,
  modify, or amplify the message that being thin is
  more socially acceptable (Hesse-Biber 84). In
  some extreme cases, parents may amplify our
  culture's value of thinness. Case in point My
  mother was speaking to another woman when the
  topic of weight loss was mentioned. The woman and
  her daughter engaged in chronic dieting and
  shared the same weight-loss obsession. One
  evening, the daughter asked her mother to stop
  her from eating a meal. In response to her
  daughters question, the mother spat in her food.
  Behavior like this exhibited by parents may cause
  children to develop poor eating habits or eating
  disorders. Besides how the Cult of
  Thinness confirms that being thin is more
  socially acceptable, and how its message is
  utilized by the family unit, the Cult of Thinness
  shapes American culture through mass media.
  Females are exposed to the culturally ideal body
  through images in magazines, television, and
  billboards. They are presented with an image of
  the typical fashion model Caucasian,
  five-feet-ten-inches tall, and thirty pounds less
  than the average American female. Ironically,
  these looks are relatively rare so rare in fact,
  that only one in 40,000 naturally have a model's
  body type. However, since women's magazines have
  10.5 times more images of the ideal body than
  men's magazines (Sloan, par.30), this particular
  image is so consummate that females can hardly
  avoid it. As a result, females constantly compare
  their bodies with the media's inescapable image.
  Since the female is a consumer, she
  is more likely to come in contact with ads and
  commercials for beauty or weight loss products,
  which encourage her to change or alter her
  appearance. In reality, these advertisements
  promote body insecurity. Advertisements in
  fashion magazines and commercials for Covergirl,
  Revlon, and Maybeline feature thin, flawless
  models candidates for admiration and worship
  among members in the Cult of Thinness. Does this
  singular concept of beauty and pervasive facet
  shape perceptions of body image in our culture?
  A study conducted by Sherry L. Turner and her
  colleagues revealed that women's body image
  satisfaction is influenced by their exposure to
  the thin ideal presented in fashion magazines
  (Turner, par.21). Turner and her colleagues
  studied two groups of college women women who
  viewed fashion magazines and women who viewed
  news magazines. Afterwards, both groups completed
  a body image satisfaction survey. While comparing
  the surveys, the results revealed that the group
  who viewed fashion magazines prior to taking the
  survey desired to weigh less and perceive
  themselves more negatively than those who read
  news magazines (Turner, par.21). Turners study
  is one form of proof that media influences body
  image perceptions among females.

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Process Analysis Cont.

• In addition to the stereotypes formed by
  capitalistic industries and the messages conveyed
  by the mass media, the Cult of Thinness shapes
  American culture by recruiting its members during
  the most vulnerable point in their lives
  adolescence. Adolescent girls instill our
  culture's body image ideals at a time when there
  is an increased value placed on peer acceptance
  and approval, and a heightened attention to
  external influences and social messages about
  cultural norms (Adolescent Girls and Body
  Image, par.1). Desperate to conform to the
  cultural decree of thinness, young females engage
  in cult-like behavior, worshiping the perfect
  body they so desire and engaging in the rituals
  which include excessive exercise, binging and
  purging, and abuse of laxatives or diuretics
  (Hesse-Biber 82). The eccentric and extremely
  dangerous habits often evolve into a full-fledged
  eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia.
  When an individual suffers from anorexia, she or
  he exhibits an intense fear of food and weight
  gain. She or he may limit calories or not eat
  anything at all. Prolonged anorexia leads to 
  depression anxiety dry, brittle skin heart
  tremors and even death (Sloan, par.16).When an
  individual suffers from bulimia, she or he
  endures frequent cycles of binging and purging.
  The purging phase can include vomiting, excessive
  exercise, or use of laxatives to rid the body of
  the food. Both disorders lead to psychological
  effects such as strong feelings of guilt or shame
  (Sloan, par.20) The Cult of Thinness has such a
  powerful grip on American culture that 10 million
  females and 1 million males suffer from anorexia
  or bulimia in order to achieve the Cult's high
  standards (The Prevalence of Eating Disorders,
  par.1). Many who fall victim to the Cult's
  message rather do harm to their bodies than carry
  extra pounds a sacrifice they must make in
  order to achieve thinness. A young female
  interviewed in Hesse-Biber's book said, I will
  never be satisfied with what's in the mirror.
  When I see other women I want to be better,
  thinner, than them. I would rather be anorexic
  than not (70). The young woman chose to make
  thinness a top priority. The Cult of Thinness had
  such an extreme power over her that she chose
  anorexia in order to pursue the Cults thin
  ideal. In summary, the Cult of
  Thinness holds immense power in shaping American
  culture. Members of the Cult of Thinness conform
  to a rigid doctrine to achieve the ideal body,
  and are driven by the pursuit of bodily
  perfection the Cult promises. Through the
  stereotypes generated by capitalistic industries
  and the Cult's message that being thin is more
  socially acceptable the use of mass media to
  convey one ideal body image and targeting
  adolescents as potential cult members, the Cult
  of Thinness reigns as one of the most influential
  forces in molding American culture's idea of the
  correct body and that correct body is thin.

18
Writing the Essay
19
Methods of Invention

• Clustering
• Freewriting
• Brainstorming
• Journaling
• Forming an Outline
• (the methods we used in class)

20
Clustering

• The writer visually arranges his or her ideas so
  that the main topic is in the middle of the page
  and is surrounded by major points related to the
  main topic.

21
Freewriting

• Letting ideas flow by writing nonstop for a fixed
  period of time.

22
Forming an Outline

• Outlines organize the writers major points and
  suggest the shape of the essay.
• Outlines may be informal or formal.

• Outline of Stages
• I. The Cult of Thinness enforces the idea that
  being thin is more socially acceptable.
• 1. Body image stereotypes are formed by
  capitalistic industries and modern
• patriarchy.
• 2. The "be thin and fit" stereotype is deeply
  ingrained in society.
• A.) Society forms prejudices against those who
  are not thin.
• 3. Families have the power to reiterate, modify,
  or amplify the "be thin"
• message.
• II. The Cult of Thinness shapes American culture
  through mass media.
• 1. The mass media promotes the ideally thin body
  type.
• 2. The mass media targets female consumers with
  ads and commercials.
• A.) Ads and commercials promote body insecurity.
• III. The Cult of Thinness recruits its members
  during adolescence.
• 1. Adolescent females attempt to conform to our
  culture's standard of thinness.
• 2. Females engage in cult-like behavior.
• A.) "Worship" the ideal body image.
• B.) Engage in dangerous eating habits.
• 1. Sacrifice food in order to lose weight.
• C.) May develop eating disorders

23
Essential Elements of an Essay

• Thesis
• Body paragraphs
• Conclusion

24
About the Author

• Im Bridget Smith, a freshman at West Virginia
  University Parkersburg.
• I plan to major in Nursing with a minor in
  Sociology.
• The essays featured in this presentation were
  composed for my English 101 course.
• I enjoy reading, art, and photography in my spare
  time.

25
Bibliography
Images
provided by http//www.squeep.com/fek/mis/sepia
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p//www.mcb.uct.ac.za/report5B15D_files/1846704.
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Works Cited Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R.
Mandell. Patterns for College Writing A
Rhetorical Reader and Guide. Bedford/St. Martins.
2007. Boston.