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S190 Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior

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Identify the environmental factors of wildland fire behavior that ... Catalytic converters. Small engine sparks. Matches. Magnifying glass. FUELS. Grass. Shrubs ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: S190 Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior


1
S-190Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior
2
Why we feel fire behavior training is critical

3
COURSE OBJECTIVES
  • Identify and discuss the three sides of the
    fire triangle.
  • Identify the environmental factors of wildland
    fire behavior that affect the start and spread of
    wildland fire.
  • Recognize situations that indicate problem or
    extreme wildland fire behavior.

4
Unit 1 Objectives
  • 1. Describe the fire triangle
  • 2. Identify three methods of heat transfer
  • 3. List the three env. elements affecting fire
    behavior.
  • 4. List three fuel factors that affect wildland
    fire.
  • 5. List 3 weather factors that affect fuel
    moisture
  • 6. Describe how wind affects wildland fire spread
  • 7. Describe the effect of slope on wildland fire
    spread
  • 8. List 4 topographic factors that affect
    wildland fire behavior
  • 9. Describe the dangerous conditions that can
    develop in a
  • box canyon steep narrow canyon

5
  • 1. Describe the fire triangle

6
Fire Triangle
Heat
Oxygen
Fuel
7
HEAT SOURCES
  • Lightning
  • Cigarettes
  • Powerlines
  • Catalytic converters
  • Small engine sparks
  • Matches
  • Magnifying glass

8
FUELS
  • Grass
  • Shrubs
  • Trees
  • Houses
  • Propane tanks
  • Wood piles
  • Decks

9
OXYGEN
10
2. Identify three methods of heat transfer
11
Heat Transfer
Radiation
Convection
Conduction
12
Radiation
13
Convection
14
Conduction
15
3. List the three env. elements affecting fire
behavior.
16
Three Principal Environmental Elements Affecting
Wildland Fire Behavior
  • Fuels
  • Weather
  • Topography

17
Group Exercise 1 Group 1 Identify the factors
of fuels that affect fire
behavior. Group 2 Identify the factors of
weather that affect fire
behavior. Group 3 Identify the factors of
topography that affect fire
behavior.
video
18
Fuels
  • Fuel Type
  • Fuel Moisture
  • Size and Shape
  • Fuel Loading
  • Horizontal Continuity
  • Vertical Arrangement



19
Fuel Types
Grass
Brush
Logging Slash
Timber
20
Fuel Moisture
  • The amount of water in a fuel expressed as a
    percentage of the oven-dry weight of that fuel

21
Categories of Fuels Light fuels Grass, Leaves,
Shrubs Heavy fuels Limbs, Logs, Stumps
22
Light Fuels
23
Heavy Fuels
24
Fuel Loading
  • The quantity of fuels in an area.
  • Generally expressed in Tons per Acre.

25
(No Transcript)
26
Horizontal Continuity Uniform vs Patchy
Vertical Arrangement - Ground - Surface -
Aerial
27
Patchy
28
Discontinuous
29
Continuous
30
Vertical Loading
31
Fuel Characteristics
Vertical Arrangement
32
Ground Fuels
  • All combustible materials lying beneath the
    surface including deep duff, roots, rotten buried
    logs, and other organic material.

Usually called a PEAT FIRE
33
Surface Fuels
  • All materials lying on or immediately above the
    ground including needles or leaves, grass, downed
    logs, stumps, large limbs and low shrubs.

34
Aerial Fuels
  • All green and dead materials located in the
    upper forest canopy including tree branches and
    crowns, snags, moss, and high shrubs.

35
Weather
  • Temperature
  • Wind - Increases supply of oxygen
  • Drives convective heat into adjacent fuels.
  • Influences spread direction and spotting.
  • Carries moist air away replacing it with drier
    air.
  • Dries Fuels.
  • Raises fuel moisture if the air contains
    moisture.

36
Weather
  • Temperature
  • Relative Humidity - As RH increases, fuel
    moisture increases
  • Precipitation - Increases fuel moisture

37
Temperature / RH Chart
24 hours
38
Topography
  • Aspect - direction a slope faces
  • Slope - Steepness.
  • Position of Fire - Top, middle, or bottom of
    slope.
  • Shape of Country - Narrow canyons box canyons.
  • Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels,
    precipitation, length of fire season, etc.

39
Aspect
40
Topography
  • Aspect - direction a slope faces
  • Slope - Steepness.
  • Position of Fire - Top, middle, or bottom of
    slope.
  • Shape of Country - Narrow canyons box canyons.
  • Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels,
    precipitation, length of fire season, etc.

41
Steep Slopes Cause Rapid Fire Spread
42
Topography
  • Aspect - direction a slope faces
  • Slope - Steepness.
  • Position of Fire - Top, middle, or bottom of
    slope.
  • Shape of Country - Narrow canyons box canyons.
  • Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels,
    precipitation, length of fire season, etc.

43
Position of Fire on Slope
44
Topography
  • Aspect - direction a slope faces
  • Slope - Steepness.
  • Position of Fire - Top, middle, or bottom of
    slope.
  • Shape of Country - Narrow canyons box canyons.
  • Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels,
    precipitation, length of fire season, etc.

45
Box Canyon Chimney Effect
46
Radiant Heat AcrossNarrow Canyon
47
Spotting Across Narrow Canyon
48
Mountains Cause Channeling of Wind
49
Topography
  • Aspect - direction a slope faces
  • Slope - Steepness.
  • Position of Fire - Top, middle, or bottom of
    slope.
  • Shape of Country - Narrow canyons box canyons.
  • Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels,
    precipitation, length of fire season, etc.

50
Elevation
51
Do Exercises pages 21-24 in workbook
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