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Chapter Twenty Three

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Healthy aging process gives way, disease and death occurs. The Immune System ... Why Death May Be Genetic. Epigenetic systems theory. The Genetic Clock ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter Twenty Three


1
Chapter Twenty Three
  • Late Adulthood
  • Biosocial Development

2
Ageism
  • Prejudice about older people
  • Why so strong?
  • Cultures emphasis on growth, strength and
    progress
  • Veneration of youth
  • Increasing age segregation

3
  • Gerontology
  • study of old age
  • Focused on the declines
  • Demography
  • so many elderly, harder to sterotype
  • Now more focus on strengths and stability

4
Dependents and Independence
  • Dependency ratio
  • Those between 15 and 64 vs. those younger or
    older
  • First higher than 2nd , not considered a
    burden
  • What are some of the problems that may be faced
    during the baby boomers aging?
  • Social policies

5
Variability in Aging
  • Based on age and health and social well-being
  • Young-old healthy and vigorous, financially
    secure, active in family and community life
  • Old-old have major physical, mental or social
    losses, but still have some strengths
  • Oldest-old dependent on others for almost
    everything

6
  • Some gerontologists like the following terms
    better
  • optimal aging, usual aging, impaired aging

7
Primary Aging
  • Primary aging all irreversible and universal
    change with time
  • Secondary aging changes that occur with
    illnesses or other conditions

8
Changes in Appearance
  • Appearance changes as time passes
  • Wrinkles, hair changes
  • Alteration of overall body height, shape and
    weight
  • Serious social and psychological implications
  • Looking old
  • treated old

9
Dulling of the Senses
  • Sense organs
  • Vision
  • Cataractsthinning of lens, causing vision to be
    cloudy and distorted
  • By 70 30 have some visual loss due to cataracts
  • Glaucomadamage of optic nerve
  • 15 loss in 70s and 10 in 90s
  • Senile macular generation deterioration of the
    retina
  • 4 under 75 and 18 over 75

10
  • Hearing
  • Presbycusis age-related hearing loss
  • 40 experience over age 65
  • Tinnitisbuzzing or ringing
  • 10 experience
  • To avoid ageism, many who need it do not consider
    hearing aid
  • Common errors have to do with inability to filter
    out sounds as when younger
  • Elderspeak way of speaking to older people,
    similar to baby talk

11
Adjusting to Senescence
  • Senescence ? weakening and decline of body
  • Adjustment involves finding balance between
    maintaining normal activities and modifying
    routines to fit diminished capacities

12
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14
  • Body Systems
  • Exercise/physical activity is beneficial
  • helps maintain strength of heart muscle and lungs
  • lack of it can lead to heart attack
  • improves overall quality of life
  • Sleep- an example of adjustment
  • Patterns change and need adaptation
  • Insomnia can occur
  • Frequent waking and daily napping adjustments

15
Secondary Aging
  • Aging and Illness
  • Genetic factors
  • Past and current lifesyle
  • Psychological factors
  • social support
  • sense of control over daily life
  • Incidence of chronic disease increases with age

16
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17
  • Biological changes reduce efficiency of body
    systems ? more susceptible to disease
  • take longer to recover from illness
  • more likely to die from it
  • spend more time hospitalized than younger people

18
  • Rates of cancer increase dramatically with age
  • prostrate cancer
  • Normal aging reduces functioning of heart
  • reduces elasticity of cardiovascular system

19
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20
  • Dying Slowly vs. Dying Quickly
  • Compression of morbidity ? increasing time for
    better quality of life without diseases or
    disability, death is much later, but quicker
  • Healthier lifestyles help accomplish this

21
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22
Causes of Senescence
  • Wear and Tear Theory
  • Compares body to machine
  • Accumulated exposure to inadequate nutrition,
    disease, pollution and other stresses
  • Wear out our bodies by living our lives
  • Of limited usefulness

23
  • Cellular Accidents
  • Results of accumulation of accidents that occur
    during cell reproduction
  • Exposure to environmental agents causes mutations
    in the DNA structure
  • Instructions for new cell creation become
    imperfect, so not exact copies of old cell
    structure

24
  • Free Radicals
  • Some of bodies metabolic processes can cause
    electrons to separate from their atoms and can
    result in atoms with unpaired electrons free
    radicals
  • Are highly unstable and capable of reacting
    violently with other molecues in the cell ?
    splitting them or tearing them apart

25
  • Most critical damage occurs in DNA molecules ?
    produces errors in cell maintenance and repair
  • Contributes to cancer, diabetes, and
    arteriosclerosis
  • Damage cells, affect organs and accelerate
    diseases

26
  • Error Catastrophe
  • When immune system in good shape, good cells take
    over work that imperfect cells cannot do
  • As immune system slows down, constellation of
    errors increases and critically important cells
    can no longer take over and isolate the errors
  • Healthy aging process gives way, disease and
    death occurs

27
  • The Immune System
  • Diminished ? immune system is weakened
  • Two types of attack cells reduced in numbers
  • B cells in bone marrow ? create antibodies that
    attack invading bacteria and viruses
  • T cells produce substances that attack infection

28
  • Gradual breakdown of immune system
  • accounts for aging process
  • allows for genetic vulnerabilities
  • allows for diseases processes to take over and
    not be in check

29
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30
The Genetics of Aging
  • Genetic programming to reach biological
    maturation at fixed times and genetically
    programmed to die after a fixed number of years
  • Maximums and Averages
  • Maximum life span (humans 115)
  • Average life expectancy - when born
  • affected by culture, historical and socioeconomic
    factors

31
  • Why Death May Be Genetic
  • Epigenetic systems theory

32
  • The Genetic Clock
  • Hormonal changes triggered in brain that switch
    off the genes that promote growth
  • Is this why people are trying to find the
    fountain of youth?
  • The Hayflick Limit
  • Cells stop replicating at a certin limit
  • New support for the idea DNA and RNA responsible
    for cell death

33
Can Aging Be Stopped?
  • Human Evidence and Questions
  • Gerontologists feel breakthroughs are possible in
  • genetic engineering
  • synthetic boosts to immune systems
  • dramatic alterations of diet
  • eradication of major diseases
  • Could lead to an increase in lifespan and
    healthspan

34
The Centarians
  • A person 100 years of age or older
  • Other Places, Other Stories
  • Georgia, Russia
  • Pakistan
  • Peru

35
  • Share 4 characteristics
  • diet is moderate, mostly veggies and herbs
  • work continues through life
  • family and community are important
  • exercise and relaxation part of daily life

36
  • The Truth About Life After 100
  • Habits and culture allow for better aging
  • Increasing numbers are reaching that age
  • many in good health
  • happy and satisfied with their lives
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