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US National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System

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Title: US National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System


1
US National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System
  • John Gaudiosi,
  • Childrens Bureau, US Department of Health and
    Human Services
  • John Fluke and Ying Ying Yuan,
  • Walter R. McDonald Associates, Inc.

September 4, 2006 International Society for the
Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect 16th
International Conference, York, England
2
Scope, Goals and Purposes of the Data Collection
Program
  • Meets US legal requirements to collect child
    maltreatment data
  • Provides data that are critical to policymakers
    and administrators of CPS programs
  • Data are used to support a range of federal
    initiatives, notably
  • ASFA Outcome Measures
  • Child and Family Services Review Process
  • Office of Management and Budget Program
    Assessment Rating Tool (PART)
  • Contribute to the understanding of child
    maltreatment and the impact of intervention policy

3
Data Collection and Analysis Methods
  • Sample
  • Universe uses no systematic sampling approach.
  • Data are administrative and derived from state
    Child Protective Service Agencies.
  • Representation
  • Represents only cases known to one particular
    service sector (child welfare).
  • Includes data from all US states (case level data
    from 45 of 50 States in 2004).
  • Data Collection
  • Aggregate Data are survey.
  • Case level from State information systems.

4
Data Collection and Analysis Methods
  • Mapping and Validation of Data
  • Data are mapped to national categories
  • Data are validated for coding, internal
    consistency, and analytical accuracy and
    comprehensiveness
  • Measures of Maltreatment
  • Six major categories (Physical, neglect, medical
    neglect, sexual, emotional, other).
  • Longitudinal
  • Aggregate data since 1990 case level data since
    1993.
  • Encrypted unique child and perpetrator
    identifiers.
  • Time Period
  • Data are collected annually.

5
Figure 3-2 Investigation and Victimization Rates,
1990-2004
6
Figure 3-3 Victimization Rates by Maltreatment
Type, 2000-2004
7
Maltreatment Recurrence
  • Beginning on August 16, 2001, the Childrens
    Bureau national standard for recurrence was set
  • A State meets the national standard if of all
    children who were victims of substantiated or
    indicated child abuse and/or neglect during the
    first 6 months of the period under review, 6.1
    percent or fewer children had another
    substantiated or indicated report within 6
    months.

8
Policy Related Research Questions
  • 1. What are the trends in recurrence rates over
    time?
  • 2. In the presence of other factors that are
    associated with recurrence, is there a trend in
    recurrence rates over time?

9
Children Who Experience Recurrence Within 6
Months (12 States)
10
Factors Associated with Risk of Subsequent
Victimization Within 6 Months12 States,
2001-2004N 423,581
p lt.0001
11
Factors Associated with Risk of Subsequent
Victimization Within 6 Months
12
Research Questions
and Answers
  • 1. What are the trends in recurrence rates over
    time?

We see a decline in recurrence rates over time.
13
Research Questions
and Answers
  • 2. When comparing proportional hazards analyses
    with single-year datasets, do factors
    contributing to recurrence change over time?

Mostly the same over time. For some factors, the
risk ratios decline, but not for every year.
14
Research Questions
and Answers
  • 3. Using proportional hazards analysis with a
    multiyear dataset
  • What factors predict the likelihood of recurrence?

Child Age, Disability, Maltreatment Type,
Perpetrator Relationship, Report Source,
Services, Prior Victimization
  • Does the year contribute to the model predicting
    the likelihood of recurrence?

Yes, although alone it does not do as good a job
in the model as it does when it interacts with
other factors.
c. Does the year interact with other factors to
predict recurrence?
Yes. Maltreatment Type, Report Source, Placement.
However, these changes in risk ratios are not
associated with a significant trend in declining
recurrence.
15
Discussion continued
  • Should exposure to domestic violence be a
    reportable condition in the context of child
    maltreatment?
  • The US does not include domestic violence in
    National Reporting at this time. Specific State
    do address witnessing domestic violence in their
    CPS programs.
  • How is emotional abuse defined?
  • PSYCHOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL MALTREATMENT Type of
    maltreatment that refers to acts or omissions,
    other than physical abuse or sexual abuse, that
    caused, or could have caused, conduct, cognitive,
    affective, or other mental disorders. Includes
    emotional neglect, psychological abuse, mental
    injury, etc. Frequently occurs as verbal abuse
    or excessive demands on a childs performance and
    may cause the child to have a negative self-image
    and disturbed behavior.

16
Discussion continued
  • How is the existence of multiple definitions
    handled within a country?
  • Categories are general, capturing a universal
    view of the measurement objective
  • Specific definitions at the State level are
    mapped to NCANDS Categories
  • Differences are acknowledged in describing the
    data
  • How are different needs for various audiences
    such as policy, finance, performance outcomes,
    and research dealt with?
  • A range of analytic products are developed for
    various audiences ranging from the general public
    to researchers
  • Data are disseminated for secondary analysis
  • Specific analysis and analytic infrastructure is
    developed to meet various federal reporting
    requirements

17
Discussion
  • Case level data collection
  • State Automated Child Welfare Information Systems
  • Child and Family Service Review Process
  • System has evolved
  • Almost all States are Now Providing Case Level
    Data (45 in 2004)
  • Data are timely and available annually
  • Range of applications has expanded dramatically

18
Disclaimer
The views expressed in written conference
materials or publications and by speakers, do
not necessarily reflect the official policies of
the Department of Health and Human Services, nor
does mention of trade names, commercial
practices, or organizations imply endorsement by
the U.S. Government.
Contact
John D. Fluke Ph. D. Vice President of
Research Walter R. McDonald Associates,
Inc. 5445 DTC Parkway Penthouse Four Greenwood
Village, CO 80111 USA (303) 488-3437 jfluke_at_wrma.
com
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