The Nixon

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The Nixon Years
And the Ford Years
The Crisis of Authority
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1968 Election

• Issues?
• Candidates?

• Dem Hubert Humphrey
• Rep Richard Nixon
• AIP George Wallace

• Results?

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• Background
• Republican
• 1969 - 1974
• Domestic Policy
• Foreign Policy
• Watergate
• Evaluation?

Richard M. Nixon
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Moving from the 60s to the 70s
Nixon Had Campaigned to Bring Us Together
Were We Apart? In What Ways? To What Extent?
Should Nixon Attack Domestic or Foreign Policy
First?
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Would He Fulfill His Pledge?
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Or Turn His Back on a Troubled Nation?
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Domestic Policy
Key Issues...

• The Social Fabric
• The Lib/Cons Thing
• The Economy

America Was Turning More Conservative
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A Conservative Agenda

• No Real Agenda, But
• Consensus-Building
• Ready for Re-Election in 72
• Used Accommodation
• AndBenign Neglect
• Southern Strategy A Key to His
• 72 Landslide
• How to Win Over the South?

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• Nixon Argued for a
• New Federalism
• Called for Revenue Sharing
• Tried to Reform Welfare
• Family Assistance Plan

Why Only Limited Success?
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Nixon and Civil Rights

• How to Slow Things Down?
• Ordered Justice Dept. to Stall
• a Desegregation Plan in Miss.
• Withheld Funds for Desegregation
• Blame the Courts!
• Opposed Forced Busing
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

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The Message?
And Nixon Could
Blame the Courts!
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Domestic Unrest...

• Urban Violence, Break Down of
• Law Order, Values
• Blamed It on the Liberal SC and
• Judicial Activism
• So Many Liberal Decisions

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A Few Key Cases

• Engle v. Vitale (Prayer in School)
• Roth v. U.S. (Pornography)
• Griswald v. Connecticut (Birth
• Control)
• Baker v. Carr (Apportionment)
• Reynolds v. Sims (One Man, One
• Vote)

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• The Swann Case (Busing)
• Escobedo v. Illinois (Rights)
• Gideon v. Wainwright (Legal Rep.)
• Miranda v. Arizona (Accused)

How to Reverse the Liberal Trend?
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• Nixon Tried to
• Pack the SC!
• Congress Did
• Not Approve
• Nixon Could Then
• Blame Congress!

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• Nixon Did Get to Re-Shape the
• Court Somewhat
• Warren Burger

• New Chief Justice
• Several Other SC
• Appointments

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The Economy
Rising Deficits!
What Was Causing the Deficits?
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Where the Money Goes...
See Any Trends?
By the 70s, We Had
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Stagflation

• Both Recession Inflation?
• Named It

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Game Plan

• Attack Recession or Inflation?
• Settled on a Three Part Plan
• Managed by C.O.L. Council

• Phase 1 - Price and Wage Controls
• Phase 2 - Gradual Loosening
• Phase 3 - Voluntary Guidelines

• Impact?
• By 74 Nixon Recession
• (Unem. 6, Inflation 12)

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Foreign Policy
Overview

• End the Vietnam War
• -Vietnamization
• 2) Détente with the Soviet Union
• and China-relaxation on tensions
• 3) Middle East Issues

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Henry Kissinger -helped shape Nixons
foreign policy
T h e T e a m
Used Linkage w/ USSR/China
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• Definition
• Purpose
• Application

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What Did Nixon Inherit in Foreign Policy?
ME
USSR
VN
PRC
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Trumans Role?
Ikes Role?
Vietnam
JFKs Role?
LBJs Role?
What Did Nixon Inherit?
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Nixon and Vietnam

• Peace with Honor
• Vietnamizationgradual
• withdrawal of U.S. troops
• -increased bombings of N.
• Vietnam in 1970

• Withdrew 25,000 Troops
• Dec Ended the Draft!
• Replaced It with the Lottery

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Was This Enough?
To Quiten the Antiwar Protestors?
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A n t i - W a r P r o t e s t s C o n t i n u e d
. . .
Were the Times A-Changin Again?
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Cambodia
The Fallout?
April, 1970
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Criticism from Abroad
And at Home
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Kent State (Ohio)-May 1970
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Four Dead in Ohio
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Jackson State (Two More Protesters Killed)
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• Congress Repealed the
• Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• By End of 70
• 335,000 Troops in VN
• More Bad News

• Lt. William Calley
• Found Guilty
• My Lai Massacre
• Vets Against the War
• Demonstrated

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• Published in 1971
• Daniel Ellsberg
• Proved govt. lied to
• public and Congress
• about warhad
• details of decisions
• during Johnsons
• presidency
• Years End
• 157,000 Troops

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Getting Out

• 1972 a Critical Year
• Oct Peace Is at Hand
• Talks break down by December
• U.S. begins Christmas Bombings
• Most destructive air raids of war
• 12 days of bombing by B-52s
• January 1973both sides agree to
• peace

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• Not So Easy!
• NVN Reneged!
• Response
• The Christmas
• Bombings
• The End

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Paris Peace Accords
How Did We Greet the Returning Troops?

• Ceasefire
• U.S. Withdrawal within 60 Days
• P.O.W. Exchange (650)
• M.I.A.s (2300 Did Not Return)
• 1973-War Powers Act
• -reestablish limits on exec. Power
• -Pres. Had to inform Congress of any
• troop movement

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Did Nixon Achieve Peace with Honor?
After the Peace
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The Ho Chi Minh Offensive
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1975 Fall of Saigon
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So, Did We Lose a War?
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What Lessons Did We Learn from the War?
According to Our Leaders
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• Should We Know Our Enemy?
• Is Democracy Easily Exportable?
• Anything Else?
• In the Aftermath
• Did the Dominoes Fall?
• Congress Tried to Regain
• Lost Powers
• 1973 War Powers Act
• Since the Fall

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Vietnam War Memorial
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Effects of the War

• 170 billion spent
• 58,000 Americans dead
• Over 300,000 wounded
• Over 1 million South and North Vietnamese dead
• Caused isolationist feelings in many
• Americans

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Nixon's Diplomatic Revolution...
With the PRC USSR
The Heart of Realpolitik
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The Message?
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Nixon and China

• US did not
• recognize Rep.
• Of China since
• 1949Why?
• Lifted trade
• And travel
• restrictions

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What Happened?
In 1972, Nixon Visited China
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Rapprochement
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Nixon and Chairman Mao Zedong
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Nixon and Premier Chou En-Lai
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• Began the
• Normalization
• of Relations
• Signed the
• Shanghai
• Communiqué
• What Next?

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Détente with the USSR

• 72 Nixon visits
• USSR

• SALT I Treaty-
• Strategic arms
• Limitation Treaty
• Plan to limit
• nuclear arms

With Leonid Brezhnev
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SALT I Treaty

• Limits on ICBMs
• An Agreement on ABMs

• Lots of Loopholes
• No Provisions for
• New Systems
• Still

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By Decade's End...
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How Did Nixon Pull It Off?
What Was the Impact of His Diplomacy ?
Where Next to Slay Dragons?
Third World Still Volatile
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The Middle East
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• What Had
• Happened There
• 1948?
• 1956?
• 1967?
• 1973?

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Arab-Israeli Wars

• Israel Added More
• Arab Territory
• Sinai Peninsula
• Golan Heights
• Gaza Strip
• West Bank

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Nixons Policy

• Six Day War Leftovers
• 1970 Jordan Kicked Out the
• Palestinians (the PLO)
• Went to Lebanon (Stay Tuned)

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• Oct., 1973
• E S Attacked
• During the High
• Jewish Holiday
• --Role of OPEC?

Yom Kippur War
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Nixons Response

• Shuttle Diplomacy
• OPECs Role
• 1974 Sinai Accords

Aftermath?
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Elsewhere...

• Did Ideology Matter After All?
• Aid to F. Marcos in Philippines
• Brazil, Argentina, South Korea,
• Nicaragua, Iran Got Our Aid
• All Had Military Dictatorships, But
• In Chile

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Salvador Allende
Augosto Pinochet
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How Would You Rate Nixon's Foreign Policy?

• Vietnam Policy?
• US-USSR Relations?
• US-China Relations?
• Middle East
• Latin America
• Overall Score?

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The Fall of a President

• Nixon Resigned in 74
• Was It His For. Policy?
• His Domestic Policy?
• Blamed for the State
• of the Economy?
• Then Why Did Nixon
• Fall from Power?

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What Is This Place?
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Watergate

• Definition
• Background

• Roots in Vietnam
• Leaks, Pentagon Papers, Etc.
• How to Stop Leaks?
• Created the Plumbers
• Compiled an Enemies List

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Watergate Chronology

• 1972 CRP-Comm. for the
• Re-Election of the Pres.
• The Break-In (6/17/72)

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The Break-In
A Team of Burglars, Led by
Broke into the Dem. National Headquarters (Waterga
te)
James McCord
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How Did This Man Affect History?
Log Entry
Frank Wills
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The Cover-Up
Meanwhile
Planned the Following Morning
How to Keep the WH Out of the Investigation?
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1972 Election
Did Nixon Get His Landslide?
vs.
Richard Nixon
George McGovern
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Results...
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The Unraveling
Some Key Players
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Woodward Bernstein
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John Dean
T h e W H G u y s
Berlin Wall
John Mitchell
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1973

• Jan. Trial Began

• Judge John Sirica

• Archibald Cox Sp. Prosecutor
• who tried to force Nixon to give
• up the secret tapes
• Senate Hearings looked into
• liesled by Sen. Sam Ervin

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More Players
Archibald Cox
John Sirica
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Sam Ervin and Committee
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• The Case of the Tapes
• Alexander Butterfield-WH aide told of
• tapes from WH conversations in July 73
• Nixon pleaded for
• executive privilege to
• keep tapes secret for
• nat. security reasons

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More problems-Late 1973
VP Spiro Agnews Resignation -took bribes as
gov. of Maryland and as VP Who
would be VP? Gerald Ford
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1974

• Opposition Mounted

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and the Street Protests
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How Unpopular Was Nixon?
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The Fall... from Power

• Mar Indictments
• Nixon Unindicted
• Co-Conspirator
• Text of Tapes
• Released

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Leon Jaworski, The New Sp. Prosecutor
Demanded the Tapes Themselves!
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In the Summer...
U.S. v. Nixon
Comm. Decided to Impeach Nixon, or Officially
charge Him with pres. misconduct
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The End

• House Judiciary Committee
• 3 Articles of Impeachment

• Obstructing Justice (cover-up)
• Misusing Power (fed. agencies)
• Defying Congress (refusing tapes)

• Aug 8, 1974 Nixon Went on T.V.,
• Announced His Resignation

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The Good News
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40 People Would Go to Jail!
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Following the Resignation

• Gerald Ford
• His Task?

Aftermath...

• Pol. Fallout
• View of Pol?
• Mild Reform
• Campaign Laws

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W h a t W a s t h e M o o d o f t
h e N a t i o n i n '7 4 ?
A Malaise A Crisis of Confidence
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Gerald Ford

• Background
• 1974 - 1977
• Republican
• Began with
• Im a Ford
• Not a Lincoln
• His Presidency

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• A.R. 71
• Then

• Nixon Pardon
• Impact?

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• Ideology?
• Mr. Veto
• 39!
• 16 Overridden
• No Accom-
• modation!

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Domestic Policy

• Reform ActsWake of Watergate
• The Economythe Big Issue
• Ford Went on T.V.

W.I.N.
Whip Inflation Now
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• Project Independence
• Tried Tightening Money Supply,
• then Loosening It
• Great Recession by 75

Who Would Get the Blame?
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Foreign Policy

• Overview
• Kept H. Kissinger
• Vladivostok Summit (SALT II)
• Helsinki Accords Human Rights
• Saigon Question (75)
• Mayaguez Affair

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Did Ford Deserve A Turn of His Own?
Why or Why Not?
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1976
B i c e n t i n n e a l
An Election Year
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Return of T.V. Debates
Carter Ford
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Our Last Unit... Before TAKS
The Carter Reagan Presidencies...