Ch' 1: Structure of English

1
Ch. 1 Structure of English

• Carma Ellis

2
What?

• PHONEMES smallest unit of spoken language that
  makes a difference in a words meaning
• 42-44 different phonemes (linguists argue exact
  number)
• /h/ /a/ /t/ three phonemes
• CONSONANT PHONEMES
• 25 consonant phonemes, 18 represented by a single
  letter (/d/, /t/), 7 represented by two letters
  (/sh/, /ch/)
• No unique phoneme assigned to c, q, and x,
  instead those are represented by other letter
  spellings (/k/ or /s/ for c, /kw/ for qu, and
  /ks/ for x.
• VOWEL PHONEMES
• 18 vowel phonemes used singly and in combination,
  includes r-controlled vowels

3
What?

• CONSONANT PHONEME
• CLASSIFICATIONS
• Place of Articulation
• (where in the mouth the sound is produced)
• Manner of Articulation
• (how the sound is produced)
• Voiced or unvoiced sounds
• (whether vocal cords vibrate or not)
• See chart page 25

4
What?

• VOWEL PHONEME CLASSIFICATIONS
• Place of articulation
• Tongue position (front to back, high to low)
• Lip position (wide and smiling, rounded and wide
  open, rounded and partially open)
• Pronunciation of a vowel varies according to
  regional and dialect differences.
• Schwa is an indistinct vowel sound, an empty
  vowel with no identity.
• Dipthongs (/oi/ /oy/ /ou/ /ow/) shift in the
  middle as the lips change position from the
  rounded to smile.
• R-controlled vowels are vowels where the
  consonant r affects
• the sound of the vowel that procedes it (bird,
  far, hire)

See chart page 27
5
What?

• SOUND/SPELLINGS
• Graphemes (letters, which represent sounds)
• Phonemes (sounds)
• Phonemes and graphemes put together are
  sound/spellings.
• Phonemes are often represented by more than one
  grapheme.
• Phonics is the relationship between phonemes and
  graphemes.
• Phonics Elements and Sound Spelling
  Categories chart pages 29-34
• Most Frequent English Sound/Spellings page 35

6
What?

• SYLLABLES word or part of a word pronounced as a
  unit.
• Only one vowel sound per syllable
• Four Division Principles (chart page 36)
• Six common types (chart page 37)

7
What?

• ONSET-RIME the two parts of a syllable
• Onset is everything in a syllable before the
  vowel
• Rime is everything in a syllable including and
  after the vowel
• Phonogram term sometimes substituted for rime,
  in the word back, b is the onset and ack is the
  rime or phonogram
• Nearly 500 words can be derived from only 37
  rhyming phonograms.
• Phonograms charts pp. 39-41

8
What?

• MORPHEME meaningful parts of words (word-part
  clues)
• Majority of morphemes comes from three languages
• Greek
• Latin
• Anglo-Saxon
• One syllable or multi-syllable
• Two types
• Free morphemes stand alone as words (help, play,
  run)
• Bound morphemes must be attached to other
  morphemes to make words (affixes, Greek and Latin
  roots)
• see chart pages 44-47

9
Conclusion

• English includes five word structures
• Phonemes
• Consonant Phoneme Classifications
• Vowel Phoneme Classifications
• Sound/Spellings
• Syllables
• Onset-Rime
• Morphemes
• Being able to identify and utilize these word
  structures enables one to successfully read,
  write and comprehend the English language. Best
  teaching practices includes teaching, assessing,
  and reteaching the component of each word
  structure.