PASSIVE VOICE

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PASSIVE VOICE

• Active S V O
• Passive S Be PP(V3ed) by O
• (tense)
• EX My father planted this tree last year.
• This tree was planted by my father last year.

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Simple Present Tense
• Active S V(s/es) O
• Passive S am/is/are PP by O
• EX He reads books every day.
• Books are read (by him) every day.

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Present Continuous Tense
• Active S am/is/are V-ing O
• Passive S am/is/are being PP by O
• EX He is writing a novel at the moment.
• A novel is being written (by him) at the moment.

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Present Perfect Tense
• Active S Has/Have V3ed O
• Passive S has/have been PP by O
• EX He has just finished a novel.
• A novel has just been finished (by him).

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Simple Past Tense
• Active S V2ed O
• Passive S was/were PP by O
• EX He gave Tom a book.
• A book was given to Tom (by him).
• Tom was given a book (by him).

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Past Continuous Tense
• Active S was/were V-ing O
• Passive S was/were being PP by O
• EX He was writing a letter at 8.00 yesterday.
• A letter was being written (by him).

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Past Perfect Tense
• Active S had V3ed O
• Passive S had been PP by O
• EX He had finished his homework before 8.00
  yesterday.
• His homework had been finished (by him) before
  8.00 yesterday.

8
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Simple Future Tense
• Active S will/shall V O
• Passive S will/shall be PP by O
• EX He will finish the homework.
• The homework will be finished.

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Future Continuous Tense
• Active S will/shall be V-ing O
• Passive S will/shall be being PP by
  O
• EX Tom will be cooking lunch at 10.00 tomorrow.
• Lunch will be being cooked by Tom at 10.00
  tomorrow.

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TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

• The Future Perfect Tense
• Active S will/shall have V3ed O
• Passive S will/shall have been PP by
  O
• EX By the end of next week, he will have written
  10 letters to her.
• By the end of next week, 10 letters will have
  been written to her.

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MODAL VERBS (MV) IN PASSIVE VOICE

• Modal Verbs can be used in either the present or
  past forms.
• Active S MV (not) V O
• Passive S MV (not) Be PP by O
• EX We cant solve this problem.
• This problem cant be solved.

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PASSIVE VOICE WITH CAUSATIVE FORM

• Active S Has/Have O1 V (BI) O2
• S Get O1 V (to-infinitive) O2
• Passive S Has/Have/Get O2 PP
• EX My father had Tom wash his car.
• My father had his car washed by Tom

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OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

• Verbs of liking/loving/wanting/wishing Object
  infinitive form their passive with the passive
  infinitive.
• Active S V O1 to-infinitive O2
• Passive S V O To Be PP
• EX He wants someone to take photographs.
• He wants photographs to be taken.

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• Such verbs as have/let/make/hear/see/watch/feel/
  observe are used in the following passive
  structure
• Active S V O V (BI)
• Passive S To Be PP to-Infinitive
• EX The gravity makes things drop down.
• Things are made to drop down by the gravity.
• Note The verb following let does not bear to
  in the passive sentence.

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OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

• With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge Indirect
  Object Infinitive Object, we have two ways of
  making the passive voice.
• lt1gtActive S V O1 to-infinitive O2
• Passive S To Be PP to-infinitive
  O2
• EX He urged the Council to reduce the tax.
• The Council was urged to reduce the tax.
  

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OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

• With advise/beg/order/recommend/urge Indirect
  Object infinitive Object, we have two ways of
  making the passive voice.
• lt2gtActive S V O1 to-infinitive O2
• Passive S1 V that S2 should be
  PP
• EX He urged the Council to reduce the tax.
• He urged that the tax should be reduced.
  

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OTHER INFINITIVE COMBINATIONS AFTER THE PASSIVE
VERB

• After acknowledge/assume/believe/claim/
• consider /estimate/feel/find/know/report/
• say/think /understand , we use the infinitive
  construction.
• Simple Infinitive if the time in the infinitive
  passive is the same as that of the main active
  verb.

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• lt1gtActive S1 V1 that S2 V2 (O)
• Passive It To Be PP that S2 V2 (O)
• EX People said that he was jealous of her.
• It was said that he was jealous of her.

19

• lt2gtActive S1 V1 that S2 V2 (O)
• Passive S To Be PP to V (O)
• EX People said that he was jealous of her.
• He was said to be jealous of her.

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• Perfect Infinitive if the time in the
  infinitive passive is earlier than that of the
  main active verb.
• lt1gtActive S1 V1 that S2 V2 (O)
• Passive It To Be PP that S2 V2 (O)
• EX People say that he was jealous of her.
• It is said that he was jealous of her.

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• lt2gtActive S1 V1 that S2 V2 (O)
• Passive S To Be PP to have PP (O)
• EX People say that he was jealous of her.
• He is said to have been jealous of her.

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OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

• With advise/insist/propose/recommend
• /suggest Gerund Object
• Active S V V-ing O
• Passive S V that S should be PP
• EX He recommended using bullet-proof glass.
• He recommended that bullet-proof glass
  should be used.

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OTHER GERUND COMBINATIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE

• Active S V O V-ing
• Passive S V Being PP by O
• EX I remembered my father taking me to the
  zoo.
• I remember being taken to the zoo by my
  father.

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• Active S V To-inf O
• Passive S V To Be PP by O
• EX She started to learn English 5 years ago.
• English started to be learnt 5 years ago.
• Active S V V-ing O
• Passive S V Being PP by O
• EX She started learning English 5 years ago.
• English started being learnt 5 years ago.