Respiration

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Respiration
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Biological systems need energy!

• To do work
• Chemical activities
• Growth
• Movement
• Reproduction
• Repair
• ? Stored in
• CHEMICAL BONDS

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Chemical Energy..

• Stored in?
• Food (Plant or Animal)
• Made by Producers in?
• Photosynthesis as?
• Glucose sugar
• Energy is released?
• Respiration, breaks
• the chemical bonds

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Adenosine triphosphate

• The energy released during respiration is not
  used directly by cells.
• Instead it is used to make a molecule called ATP
  which stores the energy until it is needed.
• ATP Adenosine triphosphate

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What does ATP do?

• ATP supplies energy for all the processes that
  need it.
• For example
• movement
• chemical reactions
• growth.

slow twitch/fast twitch investigation
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ATP cell energy

• High energy molecule
• Supplies cell energy
• ATP cycles from ADP
• by addition of a high energy phosphate from
  the release of chemical energy in respiration

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ADP to ATP cycle
ADP P

• ADPdi phosphate
• ATP tri phosphate
• ATP makes a muscle work

High energy ATP
-P after cell work
ADP in cell
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Energy from respiration
Enzymes
Energy Rich bond formed
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Stored energy in glucose bonds
ADP in cell
Respiration

P
Forms ATP
so cell can do work
Release of food energy
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ATP

• adenine tri-phosphate
• The energy currency of the cell
• the battery for energy reactions

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Formation of ATP

• ATP is made when another molecule called
  adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is bonded to a third
  inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the energy
  released from glucose.

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Summarized as
ADP Pi ATP
The whole process is under the control of enzymes
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Calculating energy in food

• A given amount of any substance always requires
  the same amount of energy to produce a particular
  increase in temperature.
• 1000g of water needs..4.2 kJ to make its
  temperature rise by 1 oC
• A calorie is the energy needed to raise 1 gram of
  water one degree C.
• A food Calorie is really a Kilocalorie

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Calorimeter
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Light energy

• Primary Energy Source for all living organisms

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Plant Photosynthesis..

• Makes Food
• Uses
• Sunlight
• Carbon dioxide
• Water
• Chlorophyll

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Chemical Equation- Photosynthesis

• Carbon dioxide water energyfood oxygen
• (sugar)
• 6CO2 6 H20 -gt C6H1206 6O2

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Cellular Respiration

• BOTH plants animals breakdown food
• 1. Releases energy
• 2. Makes cell energy
• 3. Reverse of photosynthesis !

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Respiration Equation

• Opposite of Photosynthesis
• food oxygen ATP CO2 H20
• C6H1206 6O2-gtATP 6CO2 6H20

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Burning versus Respiration

• Burning
• Activated by friction
• Heat Energy
• Light Energy
• Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen

• Respiration
• Activated by enzymes
• Heat Energy
• ATP cell energy
• Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen

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Cellular Respiration.

• Breakdown of Food
• Occurs in the Mitochondria of
• Plant Animal Cells
• Produces?
• ATP cell energy
• CO2 gas waste

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Comparison of both ..

• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Make food
• Give off O2
• Use sunlight
• Use CO2

• RESPIRATION
• Break apart food
• Use oxygen
• Make cell energy
• Give off CO2

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Chemical Energy from Food

• Cells have to convert food into chemical energy.
• Cellular respiration is the process that releases
  energy by breaking down food molecules in the
  presence of oxygen.
• This occurs in the mitochondria.

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(Aerobic Pathway)Cellular Respiration

• Takes place mostly in mitochondria
• 3 primary steps
• Glycolysis in cytoplasm produces pyruvate and 2
  net ATP (anaerobic)
• Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria converts
  pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA (aerobic)
• Electron transport chain on membrane of
  mitochondria moves electrons to produce 34 ATP
  (aerobic)

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Glycolysis

• 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is broken in half
  into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid( pyruvate).
• Glycolysis does NOT require oxygen.
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
• NAD is an electron carrier that helps make ATP.
• Glycolysis net gain of 2 ATP because it takes 2
  ATPs to start the reaction and 4 are made.

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If Oxygen Is NOT Present

• No O2 after glycolysis-the cell goes into
  Fermentation
• Fermentation releases energy from food in
  anaerobic conditions.
• Anaerobic without oxygen
• 2 Types alcoholic fermentation lactic acid
  fermentation

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Glycolysis
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If Oxygen Is Present

• O2 is present after glycolysis enter the Krebs
  Cycle
• Pyruvic acid (produced by glycolysis) is broken
  down into CO2
• Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondria

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Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle
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Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle
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Products of the Krebs Cycle

• From one molecule of pyruvic acid
• 3 molecules of CO2
• 4 NADH (electron carrier)
• 1 FADH2 (electron carrier)
• 1 molecule ATP
• 2 molecules total of pyruvic acid are broken down

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Electron Transport Chain

• Electrons are passed from NADH and FADH2
  (produced in Krebs) through the electron
  transport chain.
• Electron Transport Chain uses these electrons to
  convert ADP into ATP.
• Oxygen is necessary to rid the wastes produced. (
  such as water)

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Electron Transport Chain

• Each pair of electrons passed down the ETC
  provides enough energy to convert 3 ADP into 3
  ATP.
• From the Krebs Cycle
• 8 NADH produce 24 ATP
• 2 FADH2 produce 4 ATP
• 2 NADH from glycolysis produce 4 ATP

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End Results

• The complete breakdown of glucose through
  cellular respiration (including glycolysis)
  results in the production of 36 ATP molecules.
• Glycolysis 2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle 2 ATP
• Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP

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Purpose

• Cells have to convert food into CHEMICAL energy.
• Example Glucose into ATP

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Purpose

• Cellular respiration is the process that releases
  energy by breaking down food molecules in the
  presence of oxygen.

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Process

• Reactants Oxygen and Glucose
• Products Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Energy
• Equation
• 6O2 C6H12O6 ? 6CO2 6H2O Energy

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Stages

• There are 3 stages of cellular respiration
• Glycolysis
• The Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain

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Place

• The majority of the cellular respiration process
  occurs in the mitochondria.
• Glycolysiscytoplasm
• Krebs Cyclemitochondria
• ETCmitochondria

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Cellular Respiration Overview
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
KREBS
ETC
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
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Overview of Cellular Respiration

• The life processes of all organisms require
  energy.
• The potential energy held in the bonds of food
  molecules CANNOT be used directly by the cell.
• Energy from food must be converted to the ONLY
  energy source that cells can use ATP!

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Anaerobic Respiration

• Also called fermentation
• No oxygen is present
• 1 Glucose only partially broken down to form
  waste products and 2 ATP

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Anaerobic Pathways

• Glucose ? 2 lactic acid 2 ATP
• Happens in muscle cells when they run out of
  oxygen
• Happens in bacteria that make yogurt, cheese,
  dill pickles
• Glucose ? 2 ethanol 2 CO2 2 ATP
• Happens in some bacteria
• Happens in YEAST

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Aerobic Respiration

• Has to have oxygen
• VERY EFFICIENT
• Most organisms on earth are aerobic
• 1 glucose completely broken down to carbon
  dioxide and water.
• C6H12O6 6 O2 ? 6 CO2 6 H2O E

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Comparing Aerobic Anaerobic Cellular
Respiration Pathways
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Adaptations for Respiration

• Bacteria, protists fungi
• Respiratory gases are exchanged by diffusion
• Plants
• Respiratory gases are exchanged through leaves,
  stems, and roots
• Moves in and out of cells by diffusion but leaves
  and stems also have openings to the environment
  (stomata and lenticels)

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Adaptations for Respiration in Animals

• Techniques vary
• Simple diffusion across cell membranes
• Diffusion across moist skin into a circulatory
  system
• Openings to the environment that can be flapped
  open and closed with a circulatory system to
  transport gases
• Specialized respiratory structures (e.g. lungs)
  to speed exchange of respiratory gases

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Summary of Carbon in Respiration