NETWORK HARDWARE COMPONENTS

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NETWORK HARDWARE COMPONENTS
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• Servers
• Performance Features
• Fault-tolerant Features
• Workstations
• Network Interface Card
• Network Software

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• Connecting Devices
• Repeaters
• Hubs
• Bridge
• Switches
• Routers
• Networking Medium
• Coaxial Cable
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Powerline
• Fiber-optic Cable
• Radio Waves

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Serversi. Performance Features
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a. Multiple Processors

• Increasing the number of processors would
  increase the speed of processing

Performance Features
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b. RAM (larger and more reliable)

• ECC RAM (Error Correcting Code RAM) are used in
  servers.

Performance Features
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c. Bus capabilities

• Traditional PCs use PCI (Peripheral Component
  Interconnect 32-bit) bus.
• Wider buses with higher data transmission rate
  are used in servers e.g. uses 64-bit PCI-X bus

Performance Features
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d. Disk Interface

• Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
• Can handle simultaneous access to more than one
  hard disk, commonly used in servers
• Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
• For ordinary PCs

Performance Features
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Serversii. Fault-tolerant Features
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a. RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
system
Fault-tolerant Features
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b. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

• Data availability
• Preventing data loss
• Avoiding hardware damage

Fault-tolerant Features
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c. Backup Server

• A backup server needs not be exactly the same as
  the one to be backup, but is installed with the
  services in duplicate and holds an updated copy
  of the important information.

Fault-tolerant Features
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Workstations

• A workstation is a computer that allows users to
  make access to the resources on the network.

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a. Network Interface Card (NIC) (1)

• By installing a network interface card (NIC), a
  personal computer can be converted to a
  workstation
• There are NICs for different networks, such as
  Ethernet, Token Ring, wireless LAN and so on

workstation
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a. Network Interface Card (NIC) (2)

• For Ethernet alone, there are NICs
• for different data transmission rates
• e.g.10Base-2, 10Base-T, 100Base-T,
  1000Base-T, 10Base-F, 10GBase-LR etc.
• for different cables
• e.g. 10Base-2 for coaxial cable
• 10Base-T for UTP cable
• 10Base-F and 10GBase-LR for fiber optic
  

workstation
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a. Network Interface Card (NIC) (3)

• Ethernet NIC for UTP
• Wireless NIC with USB connection
• NIC for fiber optic networks

workstation
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Network connection
workstation
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NIC MAC address (1)

• Each NIC has a unique identifier, called MAC
  (Medium Access Control) address, which is
  six-byte (48-bit) code burnt permanently to the
  ROM of the NIC.

workstation
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NIC MAC address (2)

• Checking the MAC
• c\gtipconfig /all

workstation
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NIC MAC address (3)
Manufacturers code
Serial number
workstation
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b. Network software

• The major difference between a workstation and a
  server on a network is in their operating system
  (OS)
• Servers are installed with a sophisticated
  Network Operating System (NOS) which manages the
  network and entertains requests from clients

workstation
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Connecting Devices

• Repeater
• Hubs
• Bridge
• Switches
• Routers

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a. Repeaters

• A repeater takes a weak signal from one side,
  amplifies the signal, and then sends it out from
  the other side.

Connecting devices
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b. Hubs (1)

• A hub provides a common connection for the
  network cables.
• The signals entering a hub are echoed to all
  other ports, a phenomenon called broadcasting.
  Since all the cables would be occupied whenever a
  host transmits its signals, a hub-based network
  would easily get overloaded.

Connecting devices
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b. Hubs (2)

• Note that as each signal carries a receiver
  address, only the specified node will handle the
  signal. Others will ignore the broadcast.

A hub used as a wire concentrator
Symbol for a hub
A 4-port hub
Connecting devices
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c. Bridge

• A bridge is used to divide a larger network into
  smaller segments to improve the efficiency of the
  network

Connecting devices
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c. A bridges that divides a network into two
segments
Connecting devices
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d. Switches (1)

• A switch is a cable concentrator that joins the
  network cables together
• Unlike a hub, a switch does not echo signals to
  all other ports. Instead, it keep a table of the
  MAC address for each port and is able to forward
  the data to the correct port.

Connecting devices
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d. Switches (2)

• A switch establishes a connecting path
  dynamically between any two nodes. Therefore,
  there are less collisions.
• Also, a switch allows several pairs of nodes to
  transmit at the same time in full-duplex. As a
  result, switch-based networks are faster than
  those hub-based

Connecting devices
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e. Routers (1)

• A router is a connecting device that routes data
  from one network to another.
• It is inserted among two or more networks.
• Each router keeps a routing table internally and
  is able to determine the best path for signals.
• Each port in a router is either connected to a
  network or another router

Connecting devices
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e. Routers (2)

• A router is a vital equipment that connects a
  Locate Area Network (LAN) to the Internet.
• The router used in a home network is called SOHO
  router, broadband router or residential gateway

Connecting devices
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e. Routers (3)

• note A switch keeps MAC address, whereas a
  router keeps IP address

Connecting devices
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Reference

• Gateways (1)
• Gateway refers to a node on a network that
  interfaces with another network of different
  protocols i.e. it translates the data formats
  (not the data itself) between the networks.
• In an organization, the gateway is the computer
  that routes the traffic from a workstation to the
  internet.

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• Gateways (2)
• In a home network, the gateway refers to the
  router that connects to an ISP. Therefore, the
  location of default gateway refers to the IP
  address of your SOHO router

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