Chapter Eleven: Nationalistic and Ethnic Terrorism - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 61
About This Presentation
Title:

Chapter Eleven: Nationalistic and Ethnic Terrorism

Description:

... of their mismatched uniforms, and Ireland became the arena for a dreadful war. ... Civil rights demonstrators planned a long, peaceful march from Londonderry to ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:468
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 62
Provided by: tl85
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Chapter Eleven: Nationalistic and Ethnic Terrorism


1
Chapter ElevenNationalistic and Ethnic
Terrorism
2
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
3
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
  • Daniel Byman and the logic of ethnic terrorism
  • Ethnic terrorism differs from terrorism carried
    out in the name of ideology, religion or economic
    gain
  • Ethnic terrorists are usually more nationalistic
    than their religious counterparts

4
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
  • Ethnic terrorists and national identity
  • Ethnic terrorist try to forge national identity
  • Their primary purpose is to mobilize a community
  • Terrorist activity is used to make a statement
    about the groups identity
  • Terrorism polarizes other ethnic groups and
    forces them to either ally with the terrorists or
    oppose them

5
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
  • Ethnic terrorism and violence
  • Violence keeps the idea alive
  • Violence sustains the conflict, even when
    political objectives are far out of reach
  • Violence also serves to undermine moderates who
    seek peaceful solutions

6
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
  • Fear as a tool of ethnic terrorism
  • Violent ethnic terrorists use fear to polarize
    various constituencies
  • Fear polarizes cultural differences, forcing
    greater identification with ones own group
  • Fear keeps a group from developing alternative
    identities

7
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
  • The limited response of the government
  • Governments can enter the game and try to promote
    rival identities
  • Governments can engage in group punishment
  • Governments can try to gain the cooperation of
    moderates
  • Governments can open the doors to political
    participation

8
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
  • Lifeline of ethnic terrorism
  • Ethnic terrorist organizations tend to be
    long-lasting because they can build logical
    structures and they can hide in a ready-made
    population

9
The Logic of Ethnic Terrorism
  • Three methods for government policy
  • Empowering the community
  • Winning over moderates to the political system
  • Encouraging self-policing

10
The Basque Nation and Liberty
11
The Basque Nation and Liberty
  • Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA or Basque Nation and
    Liberty)
  • The ETA has waged a campaign of violence since
    1959 that has killed more than eight hundred
    people
  • The ETAa goal is to establish an autonomous
    homeland in northern Spain and southern France

12
The Basque Nation and Liberty
  • The Basque separatist movement and its relation
    to terrorism
  • Basque separatists believe they should be allowed
    to develop a homeland in Spain, and since the
    1950s, Basque separatism has been an important
    issue in Spanish politics
  • Current problems are a result of gradual loss of
    national identity that began in the nineteenth
    century when Madrid assumed greater control of
    the region, and accelerated in the early
    twentieth century because of industrialization

13
The Basque Nation and Liberty
  • The ETA and the nationalist movement
  • The ETA formed as an offshoot of a nationalist
    political party in 1959
  • In 1966, the ETA voted to engage in armed
    revolution
  • In 1968, the group started a terrorist campaign

14
The Basque Nation and Liberty
  • The ETA-M
  • A more militant group, the ETA-M, broke away from
    the ETA in 1974
  • ETA-M described itself as the military wing of
    the ETA and was responsible for the worst
    atrocities of the 1970s and 1980s

15
The Basque Nation and Liberty
  • Characteristics of the ETA
  • Membership matches the composition of the local
    population, although most terrorists are male
  • The ETA is primarily a working-class movement
  • Members of the ETA were either born in a Basque
    family, or they were raised in Basque enclaves
    and feel a strong ethnic identity
  • The overwhelming majority feel they are fighting
    for all the members of their community
  • Most interestingly, members of the ETA did not
    view terrorism as a full time activity

16
The Basque Nation and Liberty
  • Similarities between the ETA and IRA
  • The eventual goal of Basque terrorism is regional
    independence
  • The majority of Basques do not support the
    terrorist campaign, even though most support
    nationalism and some form of independence

17
The Basque Nation and Liberty
  • Current State of the ETA
  • As Spanish authorities opened opportunities for
    democracy and national expression, the ETA
    transformed itself into a social movement
  • When the political system opened, the desire for
    ethnic cultural identity was not strong enough to
    support violence
  • At this time, the ETA still engages in terrorist
    violence

18
The PKK and Its Alter Egos
19
The PKK and Its Alter Egos
  • The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK)
  • The PKK, founded in 1974, is a Marxist-Leninist
    organization composed of Turkish Kurds
  • Officially changing its name to Kurdistan Freedom
    and Democracy (KDEK) in 2002, it operates in
    Turkey and Europe, targeting Europeans, Turks,
    rival Kurds, and supporters of the Turkish
    government
  • Since 1990, it has employed the language of
    nationalism, and since 1995, it has also used the
    verbiage of religion
  • PKK could not generate enough support for the
    Communists, so its leadership chose the path of
    terrorism

20
The PKK and Its Alter Egos
  • Lebanons Bekaa Valley
  • Efforts to build a terrorist organization
    increased by moving into Lebanons Bekaa Valley
    in September 1980
  • Allies were quickly formed in the Syrian camp,
    and by 1984, a number of trainees had moved
    through the camps in Lebanon
  • PKK moved its bases of support for a campaign
    against Turkey Support turned out to be the key
    factor

21
The PKK and Its Alter Egos
  • The negative effect of tactics
  • Although the Kurds were ready to fight for
    independence, they were not willing to condone
    massacres and terrorist tactics
  • The PKK responded in 1990 by redirecting
    offensive operations by limiting its attacks to
    security forces and economic targets
  • The PKK also modified its Marist-Leninist
    rhetoric and began to speak of nationalism

22
The PKK and Its Alter Egos
  • The PKK shifts its position
  • In October 1995, the PKK was willing to settle
    for a federation instead of complete autonomy
  • By December, the PKK was using the rhetoric of
    Islam
  • The PKK shifted its position to achieve the
    greatest amount of support

23
The PKK and Its Alter Egos
  • The pejorative nature of terrorism represented by
    the PKK
  • When a terrorist label is applied to a group like
    the PKK, the whole movement is questioned
  • The PKK is a terrorist organization, but
    expressing Kurdish nationalism is not a terrorist
    act

24
The PKK and Its Alter Egos
  • The PKK today
  • Turkish authorities captured Abdullah Ocalan, the
    leader of the PKK, in Kenya in February 1999
  • Today, the PKK has thousands of supporters in
    Turkey and in Europe, but the United States has
    agreed to crack down on the organization in
    northern Iraq in late 2003

25
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
26
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • The LTTE
  • The LTTE have been fighting for an independent
    homeland for nearly 3 million Tamils in northern
    and eastern Sri Lanka
  • The basis of ethnic conflict is exacerbated by
    struggles between Hindus and Muslims

27
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • The origins of LTTE
  • At the end of WWII, the Tamil minority in Sri
    Lanka was concerned about maintaining its ethnic
    identity
  • Claiming that the Tamils dominated the Sri Lankan
    government, the Sinhalese majority forced the
    government to adopt a Sinhalese-only policy
  • A Tamil assassin killed the Sinhalese leader in
    1959, setting the stage for further violence
  • Buoyed by religious difference and ethnic
    support, Tamil separatists could begin a
    guerrilla campaign by waging a terrorist campaign
  • In 1975, Velupillai Pirabhakaran, a young Tamil
    militant, took advantage of the situation and
    formed the LTTE

28
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • Tactics of the LTTE
  • In 1988 and 1992, the LTTE sought to control
    geographic areas, and they moved using standard
    guerrilla tactics, forming uniformed units
  • In weaker times, they relied on bank robberies,
    bombings, and murder
  • In the weakest times, they have also employed
    suicide bombers

29
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • Retreat of the LTTE
  • By 1987, the LTTE retreated to the jungle, and
    practiced terrorism from jungle hideaways
  • In 1990, the LTTE expanded its operations by
    converting a fishing fleet into a makeshift navy
  • From 1994 to 1995, the Tamil Tigers waged another
    bombing and assassination campaign

30
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • The LTTEs unique position
  • The LTTE is in a unique position because it has
    such a large guerrilla base
  • The guerrillas are perfectly capable of fighting
    a protracted war against security forces, and if
    defeated, the LTTE can revert to terrorism

31
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • The LTTE today
  • In December 2001 the LTTE agreed to a cease-fire
    with the government of Sri Lanka
  • According to the Tamil Eelam Web homepage, the
    LTTE is not a terrorist organization it is the
    army of the Tamil people

32
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
33
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • The Vikings in Ireland
  • Irish culture originated with Celtic invasions
  • Viking raiders began to invade Ireland around
    A.D. 800
  • Viking rule of Ireland was challenged in 1014

34
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • The Norman invasion
  • The Normans were successful in Ireland because
    they used new methods of warfare
  • By 1172, the Norman king of England had assumed
    the rule of Ireland
  • The Normans built castles to control Irish
    cities, and Irish peasants generally dominated
    rural areas

35
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • The Protestant Reformation
  • During the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s,
    King Henry the VIII of England created an
    independent Church of England. He also created a
    similar church in Ireland , but the Irish
    Catholics rejected this move and began to rebel
    against the English king
  • Elizabeth I, Henrys daughter, carved out the
    most prosperous agrarian section, the plantation
    of Ulster, and gave it to her subjects to
    colonize. English and Scottish Protestants
    eventually settled there. This created an ethnic
    division in Ireland fueled by religious
    differences and animosities

36
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • Ireland in the 1600s
  • The Plantation of Ulster was expanded, and Irish
    peasants were systematically displaced
  • Oliver Cromwell came to Ireland to quell a revolt
    and stop Catholic attacks on Protestants
  • From 1689 to 1691, James II, the Catholic
    pretender to the British throne, used Ireland as
    a base from which to revolt against William of
    Orange, the English king

37
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • Thomas Wolfe Tone
  • From 1796 to 1798, Wolfe Tone led a revolt based
    on Irish nationalism
  • Wolfe Tone argued that Irish independence was
    more important than religious differences
  • He created a basis for appealing to nationalism
    over religion

38
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • The Orange Orders
  • Taking their name from William of Orange, these
    Protestant organizations vowed to remain unified
    with Great Britain

39
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • The Act of Union
  • In 1801, the British Parliament passed the Act of
    Union, designed to incorporate Ireland into the
    United Kingdom
  • Unionists, primarily the Orange Protestants in
    the north, supported the act, whereas
    Republicans, who became known as Greens, argued
    for a constitutional government and an
    independent Ireland
  • Daniel OConnor led the Republican movement
  • Charles Stewart Parnell, a Protestant, created a
    democratic Irish party to support the cause in
    the late 1800s

40
The Origins and Development of the Anglo-Irish
Conflict
  • The Potato Famine
  • The 1845\-1848 potato famine devastate Ireland
  • Irelands census dropped by 25 percent
  • In the years following the famine, some members
    of the British Parliament sought to free Ireland
    from British control. They introduced a series of
    Home Rule acts designed to give Ireland
    independence

41
The Early History of the Irish Republican Army
42
The Early History of the Irish Republican Army
  • Republican military solution to the Irish
    conflict
  • The solution was born in New York City in 1857
  • Irish immigrants in New York City created the
    Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) as a financial
    relief organization for relatives in Ireland
  • The IRB gradually evolved into a revolutionary
    organization

43
The Early History of the Irish Republican Army
  • The Irish Republican Army (IRA)
  • The IRA began with a campaign of violence
    sponsored by the IRB in the late 1800s
  • The primary targets of the IRB were Unionists and
    British forces supporting the Unionist cause

44
The Early History of the Irish Republican Army
  • The IRB trump over Unionists
  • IRB leadership was dominated by men who believed
    each generation had to produce warriors who would
    fight for independence
  • The IRB had an organization

45
The Early History of the Irish Republican Army
  • Patrick Pearse
  • Pearse was an inspirational romantic who could
    move crowds to patriotism and inspire resistance
    to British policies
  • He inspired young Irish boys and girls to be
    militantly proud of being Irish

46
The 1916 Easter Rebellion
47
The 1916 Easter Rebellion
  • The Rebellion
  • At Easter in 1916, Patrick Pearse and James
    Connolly led a revolt in Dublin
  • The Rebellion enjoyed local success because it
    surprised everyone
  • The British also came to Dublin, and the city was
    engulfed in a week of heavy fighting

48
The 1916 Easter Rebellion
  • Pearses approach to the British
  • Pearse sent a message to the general in charge of
    British forces using a new title commanding
    general of the Irish Republican Army
  • Transformations continued in the political arena

49
Independence and Separation
50
Independence and Separation
  • Sinn Fein
  • Eamon de Valera emerged as the leader of Sinn
    Fein, the political party of Republicanism, and
    Michael Collins came to the forefront of the IRA
  • Together, de Valera and Collins began to fight
    for Irish independence in 1919

51
Independence and Separation
  • Conflict between the IRA and the British
  • After obtaining a list of British and loyalist
    Irish police and intelligence officers, Collins
    sent IRA terrorists to their homes and killed
    them. He attacked police stations and symbols of
    British authority.
  • The British responded by sending a hastily
    recruited military force, called the Black and
    Tans because of their mismatched uniforms, and
    Ireland became the arena for a dreadful war.
  • The conflict became popularly known as the Tan
    War or the Black and Tan War

52
Independence and Separation
  • 1921
  • In 1921, the situation was temporarily solved by
    a treaty between Britain and Ireland. Under the
    terms of the treaty, Ireland would be granted
    independence while the northern section around
    Ulster would remain under British protection
    until it could peacefully be integrated into
    Ireland
  • The IRA did not accept the treaty
  • Michael Collins led the Irish Army, while de
    Valera took the helm of the IRA
  • De Valera campaigned against his former
    colleagues and eventually orchestrated the murder
    of Michael Collins
  • The British tightened their hold on Northern
    Ireland and bolstered its strength with a new
    police force, the Royal Ulster Constabulary
  • The Unionists used this power to gain control of
    Northern Ireland and lock themselves into the
    British orbit. Ireland became a divided country

53
Trends in the IRA 1930\-1985
54
Trends in the IRA 1930\-1985
  • Split in the IRA ranks
  • By the 1930s, some members of the IRA wanted to
    follow the lead of their political party, Sinn
    Fein
  • Another group of the IRA broke with the de Valera
    government and formed a provisional wing of the
    IRA during the 1930s

55
Trends in the IRA 1930\-1985
  • The Officials and Provisionals
  • Internally, the IRA split into a traditional
    official branch, the Officials, and a more
    militant provisional wing, the Provisionals
  • Externally, the economic situation in Northern
    Ireland consolidated in favor of the Protestant
    Unionists
  • The political and economic conditions in Northern
    Ireland provided the rationale for a major civil
    rights movement among the Catholics

56
Trends in the IRA 1930\-1985
  • Catholic civil rights movement
  • The government in Northern Ireland reacted with a
    heavy hand against the civil rights workers and
    demonstrators, and this repression was the answer
    to IRA prayers
  • Issues intensified in the summer of 1969. Civil
    rights demonstrators planned a long, peaceful
    march from Londonderry to Belfast, but they were
    gassed and beaten by the RUC and B-Specials
  • Britain sent the British Army in as a
    peacekeeping force

57
Trends in the IRA 1930\-1985
  • Support for the British army
  • The Unionists greeted the army with open arms
  • Republicans also welcomed the party because they
    believed the British Army would protect them from
    the Unionists and the police
  • As the British Army made its presence felt in
    Ulster, Republicans and Catholics were subjected
    to the increasing oppression of army measures,
    and as confrontations became more deadly,
    Republican support for the British Army vanished

58
Trends in the IRA 1930\-1985
  • The new IRA policy
  • The IRA pushed its internal squabbles aside, and
    the Officials and Provisionals focused on their
    new common enemy, the British Army
  • The new IRA policy emphasized the elimination of
    British soldiers from Irish soil and brushed
    aside internal political differences
  • Alienated nationalists offered support for the
    growing ranks of the IRA
  • As IRA ranks grew, Orange extremist organizations
    also began to swell
  • Unionist paramilitary organizations grew in
    response

59
The Peace Accord and Peace Process in Ireland
60
The Peace Accord and Peace Process in Ireland
  • The Anglo-Irish Peace Accord
  • In 1985, the United Kingdom and the Republic of
    Ireland signed a peace accord regarding the
    governance of Northern Ireland
  • The agreement seeks to bring an end to terrorism
    by establishing a joint system of government for
    the troubled area

61
The Peace Accord and Peace Process in Ireland
  • J. Bower Bell
  • Bell is not optimistic about the ability of any
    political entity--government or otherwise--to
    bring peace to the island nation by avoiding
    every avenue of conflict. Bell says there are too
    many agendas and too many people served by ethnic
    violence
  • Suggestions of recent research
  • More recent research suggests that although
    low-level violence may continue, the amount of
    terrorism is decreasing
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com