Presentations for Exam III

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Presentations for Exam III

• Circulatory System

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• ANGIOLOGY study of blood vessels

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Functions of blood

• In transport
• 02
• C02
• food
• wastes,
• hormones
• In temperature regulation
• In control of pH

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Functions of blood

• In control of water balance
• In defense against infection
• Blood Vascular System

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Blood

• General characteristics
• pH7.35
• Viscosity- 4 ½ to 5 ½ times the viscosity of
  water
• Temperature- 38o C or 100o F
• General composition of blood
• Plasma 55 volume
• Formed elements (corpuscles)
• 45 volume hematocrit

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omponents of Whole Blood
Plasma(55 of whole blood)
Buffy coatleukocyctes and platelets(whole blood)
Formed elements
Erythrocytes(45 of whole blood)
Withdraw blood and place in tube
Centrifuge
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2
Figure 17.1
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Components of plasma

• Water 90
• Dissolved substances 10
• Non-protein components
• Nutrients
• gases
• lactic acid
• ions

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Components of plasma

• Blood proteins
• Albumin
• exert osmotic pressure
• carrier
• Globulins
• gamma antibodies
• Fibrinogen clotting protein
• Prothrombin clotting protein
• Plasminogen plasmin dissolves clots

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Figure 17.3
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(No Transcript)
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Summary of Formed Elements
Table 17.2
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Summary of Formed Elements
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Types of cells (corpuscles/Formed Elements)

• Red
• White
• Platelets

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Erythrocytes (red cells)

• Structure
• Anucleate
• biconcave
• Hemoglobin
• Oxyhemoglobin
• carbaminohemoglobin
• Reduced hemoglobin

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Erythrocytes (red cells)

• Function
• Transport oxygen
• Transport carbon dioxide
• buffers
• Life cycle
• Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
• erythropoietin produced in response to hypoxia
• Production 35 days
• Life span 3 months

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Leucocytes (white blood cells)
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Agranulocytes

• Lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes plasma cells produce antibodies
• T-lymphocytes
• function in cell mediated immunity
• contain CD4 lymphocytes destroyed by aids
• Monocytes Macrophage phagocytes

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Granulocytes

• Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes)
• Microphage phagocytes
• Acidophils (eosinophils)
• Antihelmintic
• phagocytize immune complexes
• Basophils
• Secrete histamine and heparin
• Secrete histamine and heparin
• Like (are?) the tissue mast cells

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Leucocyte

• Functions generally function in immunity

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Formation of Leukocytes
Figure 17.11
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Leucocyte

• Life cycle
• Myeloblast
• stem cell for
• granulocytes live less than ten (10) days
• monocytes live several months
• Lymphoid stem cell
• give rise to lymphocytes
• lymphocytes may live from a few days to decades

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Thrombocytes (blood platelets)

• Fragments of megakaryocytes
• Function
• Form platelet plug
• Produce platelet factor (PF3)
• helps to form platelet thromboplastin
• Life cycle
• Myeloid stem cell ? megakaryocyte ? platelet
• Life span 7-12 days

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Coagulation Illustrated
Figure 17.13a
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Blood clotting

• Substances in blood that are involved in clotting
• Calcium necessary for thrombokinase synthesis
• Thrombokinase (thromboplastin, cephalin etc.)
  enzyme for prothrombin conversion
• Prothrombin thrombin
• Fibrinogen ? fibrin under thrombin enzymatic
  direction
• Substances in blood that inhibit clotting
• Antithrombin
• Antiprothrombin (heparin)

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ABO Blood Groups
Table 17.4
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Blood Typing
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Heart

• Blood pump
• Location
• Dorsal to sternum
• Between ribs two and seven

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Heart Anatomy
Figure 18.1
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Pericardial Layers of the Heart
Figure 18.2
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Heart Layers (Tunics)

• Endocardium
• Endothelium
• Innermost layer of heart

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Heart Layers (Tunics)

• Myocardium
• Medial layer of wall
• cardiac muscle
• Epicardium (Pericardium)
• Visceral
• Outer layer of heart
• Parietal
• Sac which contains the heart
• Fibrous
• Connective tissue reinforcement for parietal
  pericardium

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External Heart Anterior View
Figure 18.4b
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External Heart Posterior View
Figure 18.4d
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Gross Anatomy of Heart Frontal Section
Figure 18.4e
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Heart Chambers

• Right atrium
• Functions
• General receiving chamber
• Empties into right ventricle

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Heart Chambers

• Structures
• Fossa ovalis Depression remnant of foramen
  ovalis
• Superior vena caval orifice opening from
  superior vena cava
• Inferior vena caval orifice opening from
  inferior vena cava
• Coronary sinus orifice Opening from coronary
  sinus

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Heart Chambers
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Atrioventricular Valve Function
Figure 18.9
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Right ventricle

• Functions
• Receives blood from right atrium
• Pumping chamber to lungs

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Right Ventricle

• Structures
• Right atrioventricular orifice
• Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
• Entrance into right ventricle
• Prevents backflow into atria

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Right ventricle

• Structures
• Papillary muscles Anchor chordae tendineae
• Chordae tendineae connect valve to papillary
  muscles
• Pulmonary trunk orifice Opening for ventricular
  drainage into pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Valve into pulmonary trunk
• Prevents backflow into right ventricle

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Left atrium

• Functions
• Receiving chamber from lungs
• Pulmonary vein orifices Opening between left
  atrium and pulmonary veins

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Left ventricle

• Functions
• receives blood from left atrium
• Ejects it into aorta

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Left ventricle

• Structures
• Left atrioventricular orifices opening into
  ventricle
• Left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve
• Controls flow between left atrium and ventricle
• Papillary muscles
• Anchor chordae tendineae

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Left ventricle

• Structures
• Chordae tendineae Anchor AV valve to papillary
  muscles
• Aortic Orifice opening between left ventricle
  and aorta
• Aortic semilunar valve controls opening from
  left ventricle into aorta

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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
Figure 18.5
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Pulmonary Circulation
Figure 19.17b
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Aorta and Major Arteries
Figure 19.19b
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Arteries of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.20b
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Arteries of the Brain
Figure 19.20d
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Blood Vessel Comparison
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 19.21b
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Arteries of the Abdomen
Figure 19.22b
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Arteries of the Abdomen
Figure 19.22c
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Arteries of the Abdomen
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Arteries of the Lower Limbs
Figure 19.23b, c
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Arteries

• Deliver blood from heart
• Injecting vessels for embalming
• Arterioles-Small arteries

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Three Arterial layers (tunics)

• Tunica intima (internal)
• Endothelium
• innermost layer of vessel
• Tunica media
• Middle layer
• Smooth muscle
• Thicker in arteries than in veins
• Tunica adventitia (externa)
• Outer layer
• Collagen fibers

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Capillaries

• Exchange blood vessels
• structure
• Endothelium
• continuous with that of connecting veins and
  artery
• Connective tissue- Anchors capillary

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Veins

• Vessels which, for the most part, deliver blood
  from capillaries to the heart
• Drainage vessels in embalming

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Three Venus layers (tunics)

• Tunica intima (internal)
• Endothelium
• innermost layer of vessel
• Tunica media
• Middle layer
• Smooth muscle
• Thicker in arteries than in veins
• Tunica adventitia (externa)
• Outer layer
• Collagen fibers

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Vasa vasorum

• Arterioles and venules of arteries and veins

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Pulmonary circulation
• Circuit from right ventricle ? Lungs ? Left
  atrium
• Blood
• Dumps carbon dioxide
• Loads oxygen

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Systemic circulation
• Circuit from left ventricle ? body? right atrium
• Dumps oxygen and loads carbon dioxide

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Other structural features
• Anastomoses Two or more arteries join to form
  one
• Collateral circulation an alternative
  circulatory route

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Aorta

• Largest artery
• Most arteries branch from aorta
• Location
• Parallel to inferior vena cava
• On left ventral vertebral column

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Ascending aorta

• Posterior to pulmonary trunk
• Emerges from left ventricle at level of FOURTH
  rib
• Ascends two inches (5 cm) to second rib
• Aortic valve
• Semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta
• Origin of coronary arteries
• At emersion aorta from heart

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THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM

• Arch of the aorta
• Begins at sternal angle (second rib) and ends at
  T4 (same level)
• Three branches
• Brachiocephalic artery
• Left Common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery

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Brachiocephalic artery

• First branch of arch
• Behind Manubrium from first right intercostal
  space superior to clavicle
• Supplies right shoulder, arm, head, neck

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Right subclavian artery

• Branch of brachiocephalic
• supplies right shoulder

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Arteries

• Right vertebral a.
• Ascends in the transverse foramina to supply
  brain
• Basilar a.
• Formed by anastomosis of vertebral arteries
• Bifurcates to form posterior cerebral arteries
• Right int. thoracic a.
• Supplies ventral ribs

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Arteries

• Right axillary a.
• Continuation of subclavian artery in the in
  armpit
• Right brachial artery
• Continuation of axillary in the in the bicipital
  groove
• Supplies biceps
• r. deep brachial a.
• Supplies triceps
• Rt. radial a.
• Supplies area of radius bone

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Arteries

• deep palmar arch
• Supplies dorsal metacarpal area
• Rt. digital a.-Supplies fingers
• Rt. ulnar a.
• Supplies area of ulna bone
• superficial palmar arch
• Supplies dorsal metacarpal area
• Rt. digital a.-Supplies fingers

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Arteries

• Right common carotid artery
• Supplies neck and head
• Right external carotid artery
• Supplies superficial head
• Right facial artery
• Supplies anterior face
• Superficial temporal a.
• Supplies most of scalp

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Arteries

• Maxillary artery
• Supplies jaws, nasal cavity
• Posterior auricular a.
• Supplies scalp behind ear

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Arteries
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Arteries

• Right internal carotid a.
• Supplies brain
• Penetrates carotid canal of temporal bone

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Arteries

• Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)-Nine
  vessels at base of brain stem
• Int. carotid a.-Forms three branches
• Post. communicating a.-2 Connections to
  posterior cerebral arteries
• Post. cerebral a.- 2 Supply occipital lobes
• Ant. cerebral a.- 2 Supply frontal lobe
• Ant. communicating a. - 1 Connects two anterior
  cerebrals

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Arteries

• Left Common carotid artery
• Second branch of arch
• branches same as right side

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Arteries

• Left subclavian artery
• Third branch of arch
• branches and continuations same as right.

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Arteries

• Descending Thoracic aorta
• Superior to diaphragm
• Branches
• Bronchial arteries Supply lungs and bronchi
• Pericardial arteries Supply pericardium
• Esophageal arteries Supply esophagus
• Intercostal arteries Supply inferior ribs 1-11
• Subcostal arteries Supply inferior 12th ribs
• Superior phrenic arteries Supply superior
  diaphragm

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Abdominal aorta

• Inferior to diaphragm
• Branches
• Inferior phrenic arteries Supply bottom of
  diaphragm
• Celiac trunk
• Three branches
• Branches
• Left gastric artery Supplies stomach
• Splenic artery Supplies spleen
• Common hepatic artery Supplies
• liver,
• stomach,
• duodenum

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Abdominal aorta

• Superior mesenteric artery Supplies
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• ascending and transverse colon
• beginning 1/3 descending colon
• Inferior mesenteric artery Supplies
• distal 2/3 descending colon
• sigmoid colon

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Abdominal aorta

• Middle suprarenal arteries Supply adrenal gland
• Renal arteries Supply kidneys
• Testicular or ovarian arteries Supply
  ovaries/testes
• Lumbar arteries Supply posterior abdominal wall

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Abdominal aorta

• Middle sacral artery supplies sacrum and coccyx
• Common iliac arteries Terminal Branches of aorta
  at L4
• Internal iliac arteries Supply pelvis and
  gluteal muscles
• External iliac Arteries
• Becomes femoral after passing through inguinal
  ligament

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Arteries of lower extremities

• Femoral arteries
• Begin inferior to inguinal ligament
• Supply the thigh
• Popliteal arteries
• In dorsal knee
• Begins where femoral artery terminates at
  adductor hiatus

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Arteries of lower extremities

• Anterior tibial arteries
• Begins where popliteal artery penetrates to
  front of upper shin area
• Supplies ventral portion of leg
• Dorsalis pedis arteries
• Continuation of anterior tibia at ankle
• Supplies dorsum of foot
• Posterior tibial arteries
• Continuation of popliteal
• dorsal to tibia

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The venous system
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Veins of Systemic Circulation
Figure 19.24b
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Veins of the Head and Neck
Figure 19.25b
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Veins of the Brain
Figure 19.25c
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Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax
Figure 19.26b
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Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27b
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Veins of the Abdomen
Figure 19.27c
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Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Figure 19.28b, c
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Veins of the head and neck

• Dural sinuses
• Collect blood from brain capillaries and direct
  to internal jugular veins
• Internal jugular veins
• Return venous blood from brain to subclavian vein
• External jugular veins
• Drain blood from superficial head, scalp to
  subclavian vein

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Veins of the upper extremities

• Superficial
• Cephalic veins
• Drain dorsal hand and lateral arm
• Basilic veins
• Drain dorsal hand and medial arm
• Deep
• same names as arteries
• Drain areas supplied by arteries of same name

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Brachiocephalic veins

• formed by the union of the internal jugular and
  subclavian veins
• Rt. Brachiocephalic v. Drains right arm,
  shoulder, head
• Left Brachiocephalic v. Drains left arm,
  shoulder, head
• Superior vena cava
• formed by the union of the right and left
  brachiocephalic veins.
• Azygos system
• Drains dorsal thoracic cavity

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Veins of the lower extremities

• Superficial
• Great saphenous vein
• Drain dorsal foot and medial leg from dorsal
  venous arch to femoral vein
• Lesser saphenous v.
• Drain dorsal foot and calf
• From medial dorsal arch to popliteal
• Deep
• same names as arteries
• Drain areas supplied by arteries of same name

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Common iliac veins

• formed by the union of the external and internal
  iliac veins.
• Inferior vena cava
• formed by the union of the right and left common
  iliac veins
• Parallel to vertebral column on the right

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Veins of the Trunk

• Portal system
• Definition A vein to capillary to vein
  arrangement
• (Hepatic) Portal vein
• formed by the union of the superior mesenteric,
  splenic, and sometimes the inferior mesenteric
  veins
• Carries blood from intestines and spleen to liver
• Lumbar veins (4 pairs)
• Drain area of lumbar vertebrae
• Right testicular (ovarian) vein
• Drain right gonad to inferior vena cava

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Veins of the Trunk

• Renal veins Drain kidneys
• Left testicular (or ovarian) vein
• Drain left gonad to left renal vein
• Left suprarenal
• Drain left adrenal to left renal vein
• Right suprarenal vein
• Drain adrenal to inferior vena cava
• Inferior phrenic veins
• Drain inferior diaphragm to inferior vena cava
• Hepatic veins
• Drain liver to inferior vena cava
• Fetal Circulation
• Foramen ovale opening from right atrium to left
  atrium
• Fossa ovalis Depression on adult heart left by
  foramen ovale
• Ductus arteriosus artery from pulmonary trunk to
  aortic arch
• Ligamentum arteriosum adult remnant of ductus
  arteriosus
• Ductus venosus Vein through liver connecting
  umbilical vein and inferior vena cava
• Ligamentum venosum adult remnant of ductus
  venosum
• Umbilical arteries deliver blood from internal
  iliacs to placenta

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Veins of the Trunk

• Lymph vascular system
• Lymph vessels
• Vein-like structures which deliver lymph from
  interstitial space to the subclavian vein
• Cisterna chyli Enlargement formed from the right
  and left lumbar vessels forms the thoracic duct
  drains lower extremities and abdomen
• Thoracic duct drains lower extremities, abdomen,
  left trunk, head and neck into left subclavian
  vein
• Right lymphatic duct drains right trunk, head
  and neck into right subclavian vein

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Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic System Overview
Figure 20.2a
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Lymphatic System Overview
Figure 20.1a
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Lymphatic Trunks
Figure 20.2b
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Lymphatic Capillaries
Figure 20.1b
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Structure of a Lymph Node
Figure 20.4a, b
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Lymphatic organs

• Lymph nodes
• Filter lymph
• destroy microbes
• Tonsils
• Form ring around pharynx
• collect and destroy bacteria

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Lymphatic organs

• Spleen
• Site for lymphocyte proliferation
• destroy red blood cells and collect iron
• destroys microbes and debris
• fetal erythrocyte production stores erythrocytes
• Thymus
• Children secrete
• thymosin and thymopoietin
• help produce T-lymphocytes

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Function of lymphatic system

• Return fluid to veins
• removes microbes
• removes debris
• immunity