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Introduction to Psychological Disorders

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Title: Introduction to Psychological Disorders


1
Introduction to Psychological Disorders
2
Diathesis-Stress Model
3
Life Stress, Depression, and Serotonin
Transporter Gene (5-HTT)
Caspi et al., 2003
4
Etiology Summary
  • Diatheses
  • Genes
  • Cognitive style
  • Stressors
  • Negative life events

5
Mood Disorders Summary
  • Deviations in mood
  • Distress, impairment
  • Common

6
Anxiety
7
What Is Anxiety?
  • Anxiety
  • Future-oriented negative mood state
  • Somatic (body) symptoms
  • Apprehension about future danger

8
Anxiety Disorders
  • Excessive anxiety and fear
  • Many forms
  • Avoidance
  • Distress and impairment

9
Social Phobia
  • Overview of Primary Symptoms
  • Fear in social situations
  • Fear of EMBARRASSMENT, rejection, criticism
  • Life impairment
  • Avoidance or endure with distress

10
Social Phobia Statistics
  • Lifetime prevalence rate 7 to 13
  • Females slightly males
  • Adolescent onset common
  • Average 15 years of age

11
Social Phobia Core Features
  • Self-Focused Attention
  • Visible signs of anxiety
  • Personality/intelligence implications

12
Social Phobia Core Features
  • Avoidance
  • Safety Behaviors
  • Conceal/hide aspects of self that are focus of
    concern
  • Prevent disconfirmation of negative beliefs

13
Etiology
  • Negative early peer relations
  • Parenting
  • Autonomy vs. control
  • Life events
  • Genes

14
Sexual Dysfunction
  • Sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm
  • 43 of men and 31 of women
  • More common as one ages

15
Sexual Arousal Disorders
  • Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
  • Inability to maintain lubrication
  • Male Erectile Disorder
  • Difficulty forming/maintaining erection
  • Man often feels more impaired

16
Biological Causes
  • Chronic illness
  • Heart attacks
  • Medication/Drugs
  • Anti-depressants
  • Alcohol

17
Psychological Causes
  • Performance anxiety
  • Negative thoughts
  • Im going to make a fool of myself
  • A real man doesnt have sexual problems
  • Clarks experiences

18
Treatment
19
Forms of Treatment
  • Biological therapies
  • Alter neurotransmitter functioning
  • Medication, electric shock, surgery
  • Psychiatrists and other physicians

20
Forms of Treatment
  • Psychotherapy
  • Changing faulty behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
  • Psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers

21
Forms of Psychotherapy
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive

22
Behavior Therapy
  • Learning and unlearning
  • Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
  • Systematic desensitization for fear
  • Relaxation training
  • Diaphragmatic breathing
  • Progressive muscle relaxation
  • Exposure hierarchy

23
Behavior Therapy
  • Operant conditioning
  • Thorndike and B. F. Skinner
  • Consequences determine behavior
  • Punishment vs. reinforcement
  • Contingency management

24
Strengths and Weaknesses
  • Weaknesses
  • Treats symptoms rather than causes
  • Changes behaviors but not feelings
  • Ignores unconscious
  • Strengths
  • Efficient, inexpensive
  • Scientifically validated

25
Cognitive TherapyABC Model
  • Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
  • AActivating Events
  • BBeliefs
  • CConsequences
  • Conventional wisdom
  • A?C
  • That driver made me so angry!

26
Cognitive Therapy
  • CBT viewpoint
  • A?B?C
  • Your beliefs about the car driver made you so
    angry
  • People must never inconvenience me!
  • People must always respect me!

27
Cognitive Therapy
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Challenging assumptions/beliefs
  • Evaluating evidence
  • Persuade a friend

28
Strengths Weaknesses
  • Weaknesses
  • Ignores unconscious
  • Ignores behavior
  • Strengths
  • Scientifically validated
  • Efficient, inexpensive

29
CBT for Social Phobia
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Relaxation training
  • Intentional social mishaps

30
CBT for Social Phobia
  • Situational exposure
  • Role playing with confederates
  • Imaginal exposure
  • Real life

31
Treatment Outcome
32
Sexual Dysfunction
  • Masters Johnson (1970) Human Sexual Inadequacy
  • Goal Eliminate performance anxiety
  • Nondemand pleasuring
  • Nongenital pleasuring
  • Genital pleasuring with ban on orgasm

33
Psychosocial Treatment
  • 50 to 60 of men symptom free after treatment

34
Medical Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction
  • Viagra
  • 1998 wonder drug
  • Levitra Cialis

35
Medical Treatments
  • 50 to 80 benefit
  • Common side effects
  • Headache
  • Sneezing
  • Flushing
  • Blurry vision

36
Medical Treatments
  • Rare side effects
  • Stroke, heart attack
  • Priapism
  • Low blood pressure

37
Summary
  • Psychopathology is multiply determined
  • Diatheses
  • Genes
  • Cognitive style
  • Early environment
  • Stressors
  • Psychotherapy, medication can help
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