Aspects of International Law of Resources and Environment I 4rd Session Law of the Sea

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Aspects of International Law of Resources and
Environment I4rd SessionLaw of the Sea
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Todays Agenda

• Law of the Sea
• Presentation Nicoleta/Massang
• Serpent Island ICJ Case between Romania and
  Ukraine
• Presentation Chen Senkaku Islands Case
• Two examples of the Law of the Sea Conventions
  application
• a. Transport of Oil/Gas to India and China
• b. Spatial Planning in Germanys EEZ

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Law of the Sea
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Important Aspects Regarding Law of the Sea

• Resources
• - Mineral Resources
• - Oil
• - Gas
• - Fish
• - Renewable Energies

• Transport
• - Navigation
• - Cables
• - Pipelines
• Environment
• - Pollution
• - Dumping
• - Special Protected Areas
• - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

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UN Law of the Sea Conventions

• Law of the Sea Conventions, 1958
• - Covention on the Territorial Sea and the
  Contiguous Zone
• - Convention on the High Seas
• - Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the
  Living Resources of the High Seas
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
  (UNCLOS), 1982

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Jurisdictional Zones in the Law of the Sea

• Internal Waters
• Territorial Sea
• Contiguous Zone
• Exclusive Economic Zone
• Continental Shelf
• High Seas
• The International Seabed

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Areas of the Continental Margin more than 200 sm
from the baselines
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Constructing Baselines

• The Normal Rule
• ...the normal baseline for measuring the breadth
  of the territorial sea is the low-water line
  along the coast as shown by the appropriate
  symbols on maps officially recognized by the
  coastal state (LOSC Art. 5)
• General Rule coastal states exercise the
  greatest degree of jurisdictional competence over
  those zones that lie closest to them
• Straight Baselines (Art. 7 LOSC)
• Drawn not from the low water line but from a
  series of artificial points

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Baselines Example Norway
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Jurisdictional Zones II

• Internal Waters
• flows automatically from sovereignty exercised
  over land territory
• Territorial Sea (up to 12 seamiles)
• full sovereignty except for rights of innocent
  passage
• Contiguous Zone (up to 24 seamiles)
• territory outside the territorial sea where
  coastal states may exercise the control necessary
  to punish or prevent infringements of its
  customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary statutes
  and regulations within its territory or
  territorial sea

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Jurisdictional Zones III

• Exclusive Economic Zone/Continental Shelf
• - Coastal States can establish a
  200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)/a
  claim for a continental shelf is not necessary
• - The Coastal state has the right for the use of
  the living and non-living natural resources, to
  use the EEZ and the continental shelf for other
  economic purposes and the right to construct,
  authorise and regulate the construction of
  artificial islands and certain installations and
  structures
• - in EEZs, all states have freedom of navigation
  and overflight, as well as freedom to lay
  submarine cables and pipelines

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Legal Definition of Continental Shelf (based on
Art. 76 LOSC)

• Continental Shelf extends to
• 200 miles from the baselines or
• to the outer edge of the continental margin
  whichever is further

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Exclusive Economic Zones
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Islands and EEZ

• rocks which can not sustain human habitation or
  economic life of their own shall have no
  exclusive economic zone or continental shelf
• (Art. 123 (3) LOSC)

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Fish

• Internal Waters/Territorial Sea
• exclusive rights for the coastal state
• Exclusive Economic Zone
• special management system (Art. 61/ Art. 62
  LOSC)

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Navigation

• Internal Waters
• exclusive right of coastal state to define
  rights for navigation
• Territorial Sea
• right for innocent passage of foreign ships
  passage is innocent so long as it is not
  prejudicial to the peace, good order or security
  of the coastal state (Art. 19 LOSC)
• Exclusive Economic Zone
• freedom of navigation (Art. 58 (1), Art. 87
  LOSC)

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Oil/Gas/Mineral Resources

• Internal Waters/Territorial Sea
• exclusive rights for exploitation
• Exclusive Economic Zone
• exclusive rights for exploitation (Art. 56 (1)
  (a) LOSC)
• but no right of exploitation if conflicting
  with recognised sea lanes

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Renewable Energies (Installations)

• Internal Waters/Territorial Sea
• exclusive right of coastal state to build
  installations and artificial islands
• Exclusive Economic Zone
• exclusive right of coastal state to build
  installations and artificial islands for economic
  use (including renewable resources) (Art. 60
  LOSC)
• but right for other states to build
  installation necessary for pipelines
• and no right to build installations and
  artificial islands if conflicting with recognised
  sea lanes

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Cables/Pipelines

• Internal Waters/Territorial Sea
• exclusive jurisdiction of coastal state
• Exclusive Economic Zone
• all States enjoy freedom of laying submarine
  cables and pipelines (Art. 58 (1), 79 (1) LOSC)
• but delineation of the course of the laying of
  transit-pipelines and -cables is subject of the
  consent of the coastal state (Art. 58 (1), 79 (3)
  LOSC)
• and coastal state may lay down conditions for
  cables and pipelines entering its territorial sea
  (Art. 79 (4) LOSC)

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Example Straits Bosphor (Istanbul, Turkey)
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High Seas

• waters beyond territorial sea which are free
  for use by all (Art. 89 LOSC)
• Flag State jurisdiction (jurisdiction of state,
  where the ship is registered) (Art. 91 LOSC)
• Exceptions to the flag state jurisdiction
• Visit
• Piracy
• Hot pursuit
• Broadcasting
• Slavery
• Drugs trafficking

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Example Straits
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