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Stress and Its Effects

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Title: Stress and Its Effects


1
  • Chapter 3
  • Stress and Its Effects

2
The Nature of Stress
  • What is Stress?
  • Characteristics
  • Stress is a common, everyday event
  • Stress is subjective.
  • Stress may be embedded in the environment.
  • Stress is influenced by culture.
  • Two Basic Categories
  • Acute stressors
  • Chronic stressors

3
  • Figure 3.1 Primary and secondary appraisal of
    stress. Primary appraisal is an initial
    evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant
    to you, (2) relevant, but not threatening, or (3)
    stressful. When you view an event as stressful,
    you are likely to make a secondary appraisal,
    which is an evaluation of your coping resources
    and options for dealing with the stress. (Based
    on Lazarus Folkman, 1994)

4
Major Types of Stress
  • Four major types
  • Frustration
  • Conflict (3 types)
  • Approach approach
  • Avoidance avoidance
  • Approach avoidance

5
Examples of Types of Conflicts?
  • Approach-approach
  • Avoidance-avoidance
  • Approach-avoidance

6
  • Figure 3.3 Types of conflict. Psychologists
    have identified three basic types of conflict. In
    approach-approach and avoidance-avoidance
    conflicts, the person is torn between two goals.
    In an approach-avoidance conflict only one goal
    is under consideration, but it has both positive
    and negative aspects.

7
Major Types of Stress, continued
  • Change
  • Pressure
  • Two types
  • Pressure to perform
  • Pressure to conform

8
  • Figure 3.5 Pressure and psychological symptoms.
    A comparison of pressure and life change as
    sources of stress suggests that pressure may be
    more strongly related to mental health than
    change is. In one study, Weiten (1988) found a
    correlation of .59 between scores on the Pressure
    Inventory (PI) and symptoms of psychological
    distress. In the same sample, the correlation
    between SRRS scores and psychological symptoms
    was only .28.

9
Responding to Stress
  • Stress responses
  • Emotional
  • -Usually negative, but can be positive
  • -Inverted U hypothesis
  • Physiological
  • -Flight-or-Fight
  • - General Adaptation Syndrome
  • Behavioral
  • -Coping
  • -Can be healthy or unhealthy

10
  • Figure 3.9 The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
    The ANS is composed of the nerves that connect to
    the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and
    glands. The ANS is subdivided into the
    sympathetic division, which mobilizes bodily
    resources in times of need, and the
    parasympathetic division, which conserves bodily
    resources. Some of the key functions controlled
    by each division of the ANS are summarized in the
    center of the diagram.

11
  • Figure 3.10 The general adaptation syndrome.
    According to Selye, the physiological response to
    stress can be broken into three phases. During
    the first phase, the body mobilizes its resources
    for resistance after a brief initial shock. In
    the second phase, resistance levels off and
    eventually begins to decline. If the third phase
    of the general adaptation syndrome is reached,
    resistance is depleted, leading to health
    problems and exhaustion.

12
Responding to Stress, continued
  • Two Brain-Body Pathways control our physiological
    responses to stress
  • 1. Catecholamine Pathway
  • 2. Corticosteroid Pathway

13
  • Figure 3.12 Brain-body pathways in stress. In
    times of stress, the brain sends signals along
    two pathways. The pathway through the autonomic
    nervous system (shown in blue on the right)
    controls the release of catecholamine hormones
    that help mobilize the body for action. The
    pathway through the pituitary gland and the
    endocrine system (shown in brown on the left)
    controls the release of corticosteroid hormones
    that increase energy and ward off tissue
    inflammation.

14
The Potential Effects of Stress
  • Impaired task performance
  • Disruption of cognitive function
  • Burnout
  • Psychological problems and disorders.
  • Poor academic performance
  • Insomnia and other sleep disturbances
  • Sexual difficulties and
  • Substance abuse
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Physical illness

15
  • Figure 3.13 The antecedents, components, and
    consequences of burnout. Christina Maslach and
    Michael Leiter have developed a systematic model
    of burnout that specifies its antecedents,
    components, and consequences. The antecedents on
    the left in the diagram are the stressful
    features of the work environment that cause
    burnout. The burnout syndrome itself consists of
    the three components shown in the center of the
    diagram. Some of the unfortunate results of
    burnout are listed on the right. (Based on Leiter
    Maslach, 2001).

16
The Potential Effects of Stress, continued
  • Positive Effects There are at least three ways
    that stress can have positive effects.
  • It can promote positive psychological change, or
    posttraumatic growth.
  • It can help satisfy a need for stimulation and
    challenge.
  • It can inoculate us against future stress.

17
Factors Influencing Stress Tolerance
  • Some people withstand stress better than others.
  • There are many moderator variables that may
    reduce the impact of stress on physical and
    mental health. They include
  • Social support aid by members of our social
    network.
  • Hardiness hardy people are highly committed,
    have a sense of control, and embrace challenge.

18
Factors Influencing Stress Tolerance, continued
  • Optimism general tendency to expect good
    outcomes.
  • Individuals with a pessimistic explanatory
    style blame themselves for failures.
  • Those with an optimistic explanatory style
    attribute setbacks to temporary situational
    factors.
  • Optimists are more likely to use effective coping
    methods and are more likely to seek social
    support.
  • Optimism also linked with better health and
    longevity.

19
Factors Influencing Stress Tolerance, continued
  • Conscientiousness tendency to be diligent,
    punctual and dependable.
  • Conscientiousness is also linked with longevity,
    but it is unclear why.
  • In summary, many mediating variables interact to
    determine how well an individual will respond to
    stress (see Figure 3.16).

20
Health and Stress
PLAY VIDEO
21
  • Figure 3.16 Overview of the stress process.
    This diagram builds on Figure 3.6 (the
    multidimensional response to stress) to provide a
    more complete overview of the factors involved in
    stress. This diagram adds the potential effects
    of stress (seen on the far right) by listing some
    of the positive and negative adaptational
    outcomes that may result from stress. It also
    completes the picture by showing moderating
    variables (seen at the top) that can influence
    the effects of stress (including some variables
    not covered in the chapter).
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