USDA Second Floral and Nursery Crops Researchers Workshop Doubletree Hotel and Executive Meeting Cen

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USDA Second Floral and Nursery Crops Researchers
WorkshopDoubletree Hotel and Executive Meeting
Center - Lloyd CenterPortland Oregon June
12-15, 2006Moving IPM Forward in Floriculture
CropsMichael P. Parrella Department of
EntomologyUniversity of California, Davis
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Pest Management Concerns

• Worldwide, plant diseases, insects and mites
  with the potential to wipe out crops and people
  are exploding
• Few people realize that our scientific
  advantage in agriculture/human health is
  dwindling rapidly, and pest problems are as
  serious today as they were 100 years ago
• Science 292(5526) 2270, July 31, 2002)

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Pest Management in Concerns

• Pest problems are becoming more serious
• Overcome pesticides, agricultural practices, and
  biocontrols that once held them in check
• Pesticides being taken off the market
• Global traveling and commerce
• Global warming and insect vectors

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USDA Initiative Funding Forms the Basis of My
Program at UC Davis

• 2 Ph.D students, 2 postdoctoral research
  scientists, 3 full time greenhouse technicians, 3
  -6 part-time student helpers
• 20 publications combination of peer-reviewed
  trade publications, proceedings quarterly
  newsletter 30 presentations
• Leveraged additional
• USDA NRI UC IPM Western Regional IPM Hansen
  Trust CANGC Kee Kitayama Foundation Slosson
  Endowment IR-4 program
• Five posters provide more detail for individual
  projects

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Overview of Presentation

• Invasive species and thrips identification
• Gerbera Alliance
• Biological control/sampling
• Sterile Insect Technique plus parasitoids for
  leafminer control
• Biological control of powdery mildew
• Cultural controls to reduce pest populations
• Influence on postharvest qualities
• Evaluation of reduced risk pesticides and their
  compatibility with natural enemies
• Next steps and future opportunities

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• Assess the potential movement/establishment
  of exotic pests in the U.S. as a result of
  cross-border transport of plant propagative
  material
• Completed an extensive literature review of all
  publications related to pests of Bougainvillea,
  Ficus, Codiaeum, Dracena, Scindapsus, Lantana,
  Dipladenia/Mandevilla, Pelargonium and Poinsettia
  plants established in growing media.
• 2672 citations were found in BIOSIS, CAB,
  AGRICOLA, and NAL.
• Data was sorted with respect to pests found on
  these taxa around the world, those intercepted at
  ports of entry, and those unique to Mexico and
  its trading partners.
• Focused on pests not currently found in the US.
  Predict likelihood of entry, establishment,
  spread, and economic importance across the
  agricultural spectrum in the US.

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Exotic Thrips of Concern to Floriculture/Agricultu
re in the U. S.

• 30 genera including
• Anaphothrips, Anascirothrips, Aptinothrips,
  Caliothrips, Chaetanophothrips, Chirothrips,
  Dendrothrips, Dichromothrips, Echinothrips,
  Frankliniella, Gynaikothrips, Haplothrips,
  Heliothrips, Hercinothrips, Limothrips,
  Liothrips, Megalurothrips, Neohydatothrips,
  Odontothrips, Oxythrips, Parthenothrips,
  Pezothrips, Psydrothrips, Retithrips,
  Rhipiphorothrips, Scirtothrips, Selenothrips,
  Stenchaetothrips, Taenothrips, and Thrips
• 80 species

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Screen to select language and start lucid3.3
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Lucid3.3 opening screen to start visual and
molecular key or open buttons to project
introduction and crops
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Lucid3.3 opening screen Project introduction
and molecular identification contains a serious
of sub-buttons for special information
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The fact sheets of your result
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The fact sheets of your result
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The fact sheets of your result
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Gerbera Pest Management Alliance
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GPMA - WORKING TOGETHER TO BRING PEST MANAGEMENT
FORWARD
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SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Watsonville
Carpinteria
Oxnard
San Diego
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WITHIN-PLANT DENSITIES OF IMMATURE PESTS

• Which leaf category provides the best estimate of
  insect/mite populations in cut gerbera?

Is this standard across sites? Is this standard
across cultivars?
New Middle Old
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LEAF SAMPLING PROTOCOL

• Started with new plantings (930 sq meters).
• Each leaf was put into a separate zip lock bag,
  labeled, and placed in a cooler.
• The most abundant pests at these sites were
  whiteflies and leafminers

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LEAF SAMPLING

• Up to 150 leaf samples per week 26 weeks
• Data set is 15000 observations 100 variables
• - including pesticide applications, natural
  enemy releases and temperature data
• Data on within and between plant distribution
• - a constant precision sampling plan has been
  developed for the major pests
• - validation is planned for late summer/fall

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STICKY CARD DATA
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Sticky Cards

• 24 sticky cards were distributed throughout each
  site (930 sq. meters).
• Sticky cards were counted every week.
• 2000 observations 100 variables 200 000

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• Do Sticky Cards Really Tell
• You What is Happening in the Crop

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What Do Sticky Cards Tell You?
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WHAT DO STICKY CARDS TELL YOU?
0, 1 2 WEEKS LATER
Find it on the sticky card
Find it on the gerbera plant
Sticky card closest to plant
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HOW ACCURATELY DO STICKY CARDS PREDICT INSECT
NUMBERS ON LEAVES?
?
Predicting Variance
Distance that sticky cards are from plants
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Leafminer Populations on Leaf Samples Sticky
Cards
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Number of adult leafminer on sticky cards in Site
One
Diglyphus isaea release
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Diglyphus isaea release
Population of immature leafminers in leaf samples
at Site One.
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Our goal was to determine the efficacy of the
combined releases of Diglyphus isaea together
with sterile Liriomyza trifolii males under
constant pest infestation pressure.
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1000000

• Pt 0.5Pt-1?
• Control Nt 0.5Nt-1?
• Diglyphus Nt 0.5Nt-1? 2Pt
• Sterile males Nt 0.5Nt-1??
• Diglyphus sterile males Nt 0.5Nt-1??
  2Pt
• 38.7 offspring per Diglyphus female.
• ? 65.8 offspring per leafminer female.
• ? 64 reduction (i.e. ? 0.36) in offspring
  number caused by three releases of sterile males.
  

100000
10000
Mean number of flies
1000
100
10
1
G3
G0
G1
G2
Generation
800
a
700
a
Mean number of flies
600
500
400
b
300
c
200
100
0
Kaspi Parrella, In Press, J.Econ. Entomol.
Control
Diglyphus
Sterile males
Diglyphus sterile males
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Mating Behavior
Male
Visual, Auditory (Vibratory), Olfactory
Female
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Mean number of emerged flies per single-mated
females and double-mated females. Horizontal
lines denote the mean (? SD), and diamonds 95
confidence intervals.
Number of emerge flies (SD)
Single-mated females
Double-mated females
Block F 1.923, d.f. 1, P 0.1682 mating
F 7.893, d.f. 1, P 0.0058 block ? mating
F 0.029, d.f. 1, P 0.8652)
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Liriomyza trifolii male multiple mating. a.
effect of male copulating status on their mates
reproductive success b. sperm count of males
that successively mated with 5-6 females in the
same day.
a
b
Number of emerge flies (SD)
Sperm count (SD)
Copulating order
Copulating order
Copulating order F 8.424, df 1, P 0.0062
Copulating order F 1.259, df 1 P 0.2729
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Number of mines per virgin Liriomyza trifolii
female that had access to two fertile males
(2F), and females mated with sterile males that
had (S2F) or did not have (S-only) access to
two fertile males. Boxes show 25th percentile
(bottom of the box), median (line through box),
and 75th percentile (top of the box). Different
letters indicate a significant difference (P lt
0.05).
a
b
Number of mines
c
S-2F
S-only
Kruskal-Wallis test H 55.9, df 2, P lt 0.0001
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Synergism - from the Greek synergos meaning
working together (From Wikipedia,
http//en.wikipedia.org)
Synergism the biological response to both
treatmnents A and B together will be greater than
the sum of the response to treatment A alone and
B alone. Slinker 1998, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.
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?

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We examined the hypothesis that the presence of
adult leafminers can affect the foraging
behavior of the parasitoid.

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100
Leafminer males
t 3.21, df 62, P 0.0021
90
80
70
60
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Total killing ()
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29.9
40
30
20
10
0
Diglyphus only
Diglyphus Leafminer males
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Leafminer females
t 3.20, df 40, P 0.0027
57.8
35.1
t 0.87, df 40, P 0.3863
t 4.12, df 40, P 0.0002
33.1
24.7
19.8
15.3
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Our study suggests that the presence of adult L.
trifolii (both sexes) affected Diglyphus isaea
host-feeding behavior.
The same level of oviposition but significant
increase in host-feeding level.
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Avid - Compatibility - Diglyphus- Seven
Questions -

• Will Avid kill adult Diglyphus via direct
  contact?
• Will Avid kill Diglyphus if adults feed on
  contaminated sugar water?
• Will Avid kill adult Diglyphus through residual
  action, and if so, for how long?
• Will Avid kill Diglyphus larvae if they are
  sprayed while protected by the leaf ?
• Will Avid kill Diglyphus larvae if there is
  direct contact with the larvae?
• Will Avid impact the longevity of adult Diglyphus
  if they are sprayed as larvae in the leaf?
• Will abamectin-poisoned leafminer larvae kill
  Diglyphus larvae feeding on them?

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Psyllobora vigintimaculata

• Established as obligate powdery mildew consumer
  and referred to as the small ashy grey
  ladybird by Davidson (1921).
• Widespread native range.
• Observed at UC Davis inside greenhouses and
  outside feeding on powdery mildew
  of roses and gerbera.

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Tribe Psylloborini

• Coleoptera Coccinellidae Psylloborini (Casey)
  1899

• Small (3mm) ladybird beetles
• Obligate consumers of powdery
  mildew fungi at all life stages
• Conidia, conidiophores
• Observed to reduce conidia by
  92 compared to non fed-upon
  leaves (Soylu and Yigit, 2002)

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Psyllobora DeJean 1836
P. vigintiduopunctata
P. vigintimaculata
P. vigintimaculata
P. nana
P. bisoctonotata
P. confluens
P. gratiosa
P. variegata
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Observations

• Leaf discs exposed to larvae showed a significant
  visible decrease in leaf area infected when
  compared to untreated leaf discs

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Assess Image Analysis
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Assess Image Analysis
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Results Consumption Model
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Next Steps -- Opportunities

• Complete the world key to invasive thrips
• Continue/complete the Gerbera Alliance
• Validate sampling plan
• Biological and chemical control of secondary
  pests (iris whitefly, citrus mealybug, broad
  mite, carmine mite)
• Better integrate control of pathogens with
  natural enemies put disease control on a better
  IPM footing
• Cultural controls vs. pests and impact on
  postharvest quality
• Post havest control of pests on flowers
• Form a Bedding Plant Alliance

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