Coastal management

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Coastal management sustainable aquaculture
development in Croatia

• Presentation by
• Dr. Anamarija Frankic
• Virginia Institute of Marine Science
• College of William Mary, USA
• afrankic_at_vims.edu

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Presentation Topics

• What is ICZM?
• Lessons Learned
• Sustainable Aquaculture Development ICZM

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ICZM

• In general, its a interdisciplinary and
  comprehensive strategy or framework based on the
  best available science to be implemented at the
  community level and national level
• The prime goal is to overcome sectoral and
  intergovernmental fragmentation that exist in
  todays coastal management efforts

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General concept for integrated coastal zone
management

• Resource assessment comprehensive inventories of
  coastal natural and human resources (e.g.
  physical and biological data, resource uses,
  cultural heritage, traditional land uses and
  activities, etc.) includes long term in depth
  biocomplexity research studies
• Impact assessment assessing the coastal zone
  vulnerability to various activity impacts
  interactions between uses and resources a tool
  to help making decisions and evaluate options for
  the mitigation and environmentally sound
  management (e.g. spatial and use conflict
  analysis, GIS models) based on the best
  available knowledge and acknowledging
  uncertainties
• Policy and regulatory framework a basic tool for
  training and education, and for local community
  participation in decision making process based
  on analysis of existing institutional and legal
  mechanisms develop comprehensive policy framework
  to address coastal issues

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• Socio-cultural Economic assessment
  understanding of socio-economic incentives at the
  local level in suggesting alternative
  income-generating programs the simpler the
  national rules the better they are understood and
  followed on the local levels the capacity of the
  community to regulate its own activities and
  uses to enforce local rules is an important
  determinant of perceived management success
• Implementation how to apply science and develop
  and implement the BMPs? Comprehensive BMPs are
  living documents open to revision, expansion
  provide consistent national standards and
  practices for implementation of aquaculture
• Monitoring and evaluation assess cumulative
  effects of changes and update management program
  elements to reflect changing needs and
  circumstances multidisciplinary data as a
  feedback loop evaluation of our activities and
  their impacts

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• Sustainable development of costal areas can be
  achieved through ICZM implementation process
• However, after 30 years of coastal management
  planning we have not identified simple, effective
  and widely applicable models.
• And the environmental problems in coastal areas
  have been exacerbated habitat destruction, water
  contamination, coastal erosion and resources
  depletion and socio-economic and cultural
  problems

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http//www.conservation.org/Marine/map.htm

• the most biologically valuable areas
• the most threatened marine areas
• the most critical areas for marine conservation

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http//www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/nccr/nccrfs.html
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Lessons Learned

• The root cause of this crisis is a failure of
  both perspective governance
• Oceans coasts are the largest public domain and
  has to be managed holistically for the benefit of
  local communities, recognizing their
  socio-economic and cultural heritage values
• Involving the local communities in the planning
  and decision-making process
• Interdependence of land and sea!
• Increased use conflicts can be managed simply by
  controlling where certain activities are
  undertaken, but sustainability can only be
  attained when environmental conditions are
  appropriate
• Use suitability and use conflict analysis support
  the interdisciplinary and holistic aspects of
  ICZM planning and indicating where better
  information is needed
• Balance between the requirements for e.g.
  aquaculture development and the need for resource
  conservation within same management plan should
  be based on environmental limitations!

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IUCN, 1995. A global representative system of
marine protected areas. Volume 1.
http//www.environment.gov.au/marine/mpa/ (11
of Mediterranean marine ecosystem is protected)
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Responsible Aquaculture Development in Croatia
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What does ICZM mean for aquaculture?

• It means that the only way toward sustainability
  and longevity of aquaculture development is if it
  will have a positive impact on coastal areas and
  adjacent sectors
• It means that the precautionary principle and
  policy initiatives (e.g. Strategic Environmental
  Assessment Directive) will guide future
  decision-making process

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Manuscript Content

• Background on Aquaculture
• Background on ICZM
• Adriatic Aquaculture
• Site Suitability Analysis
• Attachments Croatian Coasts islands
  Mediterranean lessons Guidelines for Sustainable
  Aquaculture Development in Croatia

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Aquaculture development has to be advanced in a
manner that is environmentally sustainable
protecting the quality of the environment for
other users, while it is equally important for
society to protect the quality of the environment
for aquaculture. Adherence to both aspects
requires effective and transparent research,
adaptive management, monitoring, enforcement and
incentive. The Government-approved and
industry/stakeholders-led Environmental Codes of
Practice and National Aquaculture Plan will
support this approach through implementation of
the Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
Vision statement
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Preference should be given to the extensive
monoculture and polyculture practices that
integrate native species of shellfish, seaweed,
urchin, crab, and finfish.
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Aquaculture site suitability analysis

• Finding suitable sites for aquaculture in the
  marine and coastal environment is one of the most
  critical challenges facing this industry.
• As an example, five steps of this procedure will
  be presented.

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Phase One

• The most important step is to identify the
  environmental conditions necessary for
  aquaculture activities to succeed.
• Based on extensive literature review and present
  knowledge, the environmental site suitability
  indicators (parameters or criteria) for
  sustainable aquaculture development can be
  identified and derived.

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Shellfish Aquaculture Protocol Example
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Finfish Aquaculture Protocol Example
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Phase Two

• Environmental assessment and mapping
  environmental indicators
• This includes spatial analysis (aerial photos and
  satellite images) and integration of GIS
  coverages (data layers) for temp.,
  salinity,bathymetry, water quality, substrate
  types, benthic biocenoses, slope, hydrology,
  geology-pedology, critical habitats and protected
  species and areas
• GIS application of available environmental
  suitability indicators from developed aquaculture
  protocols

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Example of islands site suitability analysis for
aquaculture
Http//seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov
Adriatic Sea and Island Cres
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Phase Three

• Identification and mapping of coastal, marine and
  land uses
• Performing the use conflict analysis and GIS
  modeling
• The goal is to identify areas that, although
  suitable for aquaculture on the basis of
  environmental conditions (phase 2), may be less
  desirable due to incompatible uses that are
  present or planned (tourism, recreation, fishing,
  protection, etc)

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Suitable sites for aquaculture
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Phase Four

• Identification of all possible management issues
  that could be caused by or related to aquaculture
  development in certain area
• Analysis will incorporate socio-economic
  considerations, and each management issue will be
  presented with adequate management options and
  recommendation scenarios

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Phase Five

• Based on all findings prepare action plans for
  aquaculture development and implement them
  through the ICZM
• Identify all the gaps in existing data that would
  help guide future scientific research, monitoring
  and decision-making process for the long term
  sustainable coastal zone management and
  aquaculture development

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Marina Site Suitability Indicators
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Tourism Site Suitability Indicators
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Aquaculture in Chesapeake Bay
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Example of identified land uses for aquaculture
site suitability analysis (Ch. Bay, Virginia)
(Source VIMS/CCRM, A. Frankic)
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Site suitability analysis for existing
aquaculture activities for hard clams and oysters
in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (Source VIMS/CCRM,
A. Frankic)
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Existing aquaculture sites in Virginia (mainly
oysters, h. clams and soft clams) (Source
VIMS/CCRM, A. Frankic)
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Main Result of this Project Identified suitable
areas for responsible aquaculture development in
Croatia!
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Summary

• Develop qualitative and quantitative criteria for
  general aquaculture suitability protocol, and
  develop comprehensive zoning plan that will help
  identify suitable aquaculture sites for the
  Adriatic coast and islands based on the
  international and national environmental
  standards, policies and laws
• Develop specific aquaculture suitability
  protocols for each type of existing aquaculture
  as well as for future potential species (finfish,
  shellfish, algae, crabs) specifically for
  selected project pilot areas (Velebit Channel and
  Maloston Bay) Prepare EIA for each type of
  aquaculture
• Identify and map zones for potential aquaculture
  based on developed protocols counties
  spatial/physical plans land use/land cover data
  existing environmental inventories satellite
  images and aerial photography and prepare GIS
  coverages/layers and use IGIS for site
  suitability analysis of data and zoning
• Develop use conflict analysis, which includes
  identification of current and potential uses and
  IGIS modeling
• Identify all existing and potential management
  issues develop action plans and management plans
  for each suggested scenarios for potential
  aquaculture development this will be implemented
  through the Integrated Coastal Zone Management
  Plan
• Identify all the gaps in existing data that would
  help guide future scientific research and
  decision-making process for the long-term
  sustainable coastal zone management.
• Develop National Plan and Code of Practice