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Sheep

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Title: Sheep


1
Sheep Goat Health
Common Problemsand Solutions
  • SUSAN SCHOENIANGoat and Sheep SpecialistMaryland
    Cooperative Extensionwww.sheepandgoat.comwww.sh
    eep101.info/201/diseasesa-z.html

2
Health care in sheep and goats
  • Starts with Prevention
  • Biosecurity
  • Vaccination program
  • Parasite control
  • Good nutrition
  • Early detection and treatment
  • Culling
  • Predator control

Boer x Kiko
3
BiosecuritySecurity from transmission of
infectious diseases, parasites, and pests
  • Buy from reputable breeders.
  • Know the health status of the animals you are
    purchasing.
  • Maintain a closed flock/herd.
  • Limit showing/ exhibiting.
  • Isolate new animals for at least 30 days.

4
BiosecuritySecurity from transmission of
infectious diseases, parasites, and pests
  • Dont loan or share rams or bucks.
  • Dont breed ewes or does for other producers.
  • Do not mix your animals with other peoples
    animals.
  • Dont share equipment unless it is disinfected
    after each use.
  • Dont let your shearer spread disease.
  • Limit access to your farm/animals.
  • Control cat, dog, bird, and rodent populations.

Unless other farm/animals have equal health
status.
5
Sound Vaccination Program
  • Clostridial diseasesClostridium perfringins type
    C D (overeating disease/enterotoxemia)Clostrid
    ium tetani (tetanus)
  • Vaccinate ewes/does 2-6 weeks before parturition
  • Vaccine lambs/kids at 6 and 10 weeks of age
  • Vaccine rams, bucks, and wethers annually
  • Other diseases you could vaccinate for
  • Some types of abortion
  • Soremouth
  • Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)
  • Foot rot
  • Pneumonia
  • E. coli scours
  • Other clostridial diseases
  • Rabies

Depends on disease prevalence and risk.
6
Deworming Parasite Control Program
  • Good management
  • Pasture rest/rotation
  • Alternative forages
  • Zero grazing
  • Mixed species grazing
  • Genetic selection
  • between and within breeds
  • Fecal egg counts
  • Monitor pasture contamination
  • Test for drug resistance
  • Selective deworming

7
Good nutritionBetter nutrition means stronger
immune systems and disease resistance.
  • Feed balanced rations.
  • Feed according to production cycle and growth
    stage.
  • Supplement pasture and forage, when necessary and
    economical.
  • Provide free choice minerals.
  • Choose proper feeds for sheep and goats.

8
Early detection and treatmentEarly diagnosis is
key to the control of health problems.
  • Know common signs of illness
  • Loss of body condition
  • Poor appetite
  • Lag behind flock/herd
  • Lethargy
  • Ears or head down (tail down)
  • Poor hair/wool coat
  • Teeth grinding (pain)
  • Dirty hocks, tail, britch (scours)
  • Anemia (barber pole worm)
  • Fever (infection) normal body temp is 102-103F
  • Breathing (respiratory)
  • Gait (neurological)

9
CullingCulling is one of the most powerful tools
in managing animal health.
  • Most problems have a genetic component
  • Foot rot
  • Parasites
  • Vaginal, rectal prolapses
  • Inverted eye lids
  • Most disease conditions will repeat or get worse
  • Hoof problems
  • Mastitis
  • Vaginal prolapses

Vaginal prolapse
10
Control predationPredation accounted for 37.3
of sheep and goat losses in 2005.
  • Predator control options
  • Fencing
  • Management
  • Livestock guardians
  • Lethal control

coyotes, dogs, bears, mountain lions, cougars,
foxes, eagles, bobcats, wolves, vultures
11
FencingPredator control starts with a good fence.
  • High-tensile, electric
  • Woven or net wire
  • Electric netting
  • Modify existing fences
  • Predator-proof gates

12
Management Options
  • Remove dead carcasses and anything else that
    attracts predators.
  • Complete confinement.
  • Lamb/kid in confinement.
  • Night penning.
  • Minimize use of high risk pastures.
  • Dont lamb or kid in remote areas or large
    pastures.
  • Change lambing/kidding season.
  • Fall lambing/kidding tends to reduce predator
    losses.
  • Repellents, frightening devices.
  • Aversive conditioning.

13
Livestock Guardians45 of sheep farms employ
livestock guardians.
  • Guardian dogs (29.6)Great Pyrenees, Komondor,
    Akbash, Anatolian Shepherd, Maremma, Mastiff
  • Llamas (14.2) (female or gelding, not alpacas)
  • Donkeys (11.4) (standard sized, gelding or
    jenny)
  • Cattle flerdneed to be bonded

14
Lethal Predator ControlLast resort, but
sometimes necessary.
  • Shooting
  • Trapping (foot hold, snare)
  • Denning
  • Livestock protection collar
  • M-44 cyanide injector
  • Make sure you know the laws in your state/county.
  • Requires assistance of USDA APHIS Wildlife
    Services

15
Health problems of sheep and goats
  • Major health issues
  • Other common problems
  • A few other diseases
  • Wasting diseases

16
The major health issues
  • Internal Parasites
  • Foot rot
  • Diarrhea
  • Respiratory
  • Predation

Goats eating chicory
17
Internal Parasites 1 health problem affecting
sheep and goats in warm, moist climates.
  • Stomach/round worms barber pole worm
  • Tapeworms
  • Lungworms
  • Liver Flukes
  • Meningeal worm
  • Coccidiosis

18
Stomach worms
  • PrimaryHaemonchus contortis (barber pole worm)
  • SecondaryOstertagia Tristrongylus
    sp.Nematodirus

Bottle jaw
Pale mucous membranes
19
Other worm parasites
  • Tapeworms
  • Lungworms
  • Liver flukes
  • Meningeal (deer) worm

20
Coccidiosis eimera sp.
  • Single-cell protozoa that damages the lining of
    the small intestines, where nutrient absorption
    occurs.
  • Can permanently stunt animals.
  • Species-specific
  • Causes scouring, weight loss, and death in
    lambs/kids.
  • Stress-induced

NADIS
21
Coccidiosis eimera sp.
  • Diagnosis
  • Fecal oocyte counts are of limited diagnostic
    value.
  • Treatment (requires extra label drug use)
  • Corid (Amprolium)
  • Sulfa drugs
  • Prevention
  • Good sanitation
  • Avoid overcrowding
  • Use of coccidiostats in feed, mineral, or water
    (before hand)
  • Bovatec (lasalocid)
  • Rumensin (monensin)
  • Deccox (Decoquinate)
  • Corid (lower dose than treatment)

Toxic to equines. Do not feed to equines.
http//www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/coccidtable.h
tml
22
Foot rotOne of the most economically devastating
diseases in the sheep/goat industry.
  • Highly contagious.
  • Caused by the interaction of two anaerobic
    bacteria
  • Bacteroides nodosus in sheep/goats hoof (can
    only survive 10-14 days)
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum in soil and manure
    (always)
  • Lameness is symptom.
  • Gets in hoof.
  • Has characteristic foul odor.
  • Treat with aggressive hoof trimming, foot
    baths/soaks, antibiotics, moving to dry area,
    vaccination, and culling.

Most people BUY foot rot!
http//www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/sheep/410-028/410-028.h
tml
23
Foot Scald (is not foot rot)interdigital
dermatitis, benign foot rot, non-virulent foot rot
  • Not contagious.
  • An infection between the toes. No involvement of
    the hoof.
  • Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, the bacteria
    that is always present on sheep and goat farms.
  • Activated by damp, muddy conditions goes away
    when its dry.
  • Can treat/control with foot baths/soaks, moving
    to a dry area.

Environmental
24
Diarrhea (scours)An increased frequency,
fluidity, or volume of fecal excretion.
  • Infectious
  • Viral
  • BacterialE.coli, salmonella
  • Protozoa coccidia, cryptosporidia
  • Non-infectious
  • Parasites
  • Nutrition
  • Management
  • Stress
  • Often a symptom of other problems. Often
    self-limiting. Determine cause!
  • Treatment rehydration, antibiotics (if fever),
    antidiarrheal drugs (pepto-bismal, kaopectate,
    immodium), probiotics (yogurt).

-- many causes --
http//www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/scours.html
25
Respiratory Problems
  • Respiratory complex pasteurella sp.,
    mycoplasma, chlamydia, Parainfluenza type 3
    virus, etc.
  • Pasteurella sp. most common agent.
  • Characterized by high fever (106-108F)
  • May result in lung abscesses at slaughter.
  • Poor ventilation is a leading cause of
    respiratory problems.
  • Treat with antibiotics

Other causes OPP, lungworms, nasal bots,
ketosis, acidosis
26
Other Common Problems
  • Nutritional
  • Reproductive
  • Skin

27
Nutritional / Metabolic
  • Pregnancy toxemia
  • Milk fever
  • Enterotoxemia
  • Floppy kid syndrome
  • Acidosis
  • Urinary calculi
  • Polioencephalomalacia
  • Listeriosis
  • Bloat
  • Copper-related
  • Selenium-related

28
EnterotoxemiaOvereating disease, pulpy kidney
disease
Caused by bacteria, clostridium perfringins type
C D
  • Usually occurs in lambs/kids that are consuming
    large amounts of concentrate, but may also occur
    on pasture and with heavy milking dams
  • Type C - 0-30 days
  • Type D - 30 days
  • Predisposed by abrupt change in feed.
  • Treatment (anti-toxin) is usually unrewarding.
  • Prevention
  • Vaccination of pregnant dams and offspring
  • Avoid sudden changes in dietdont let creep feed
    run out
  • Low level feeding of antibiotics
  • Plenty of feeder space

Usually affects fastest growing lambs/kids. It is
not uncommon to find them dead, with no prior
symptoms.
Vaccine is not as effective in goats.
29
Floppy kid syndromeFirst documented in 1987
  • Affects kids between 3 and 10 days of age
    (normal at birth)
  • Most common late in kidding season.
  • Causes muscle weakness, ataxia.
  • Cause unknown, but suspected to be
    gastro-intestinal, a metabolic acidosis.
  • Treat with sodium bicarbonate and supportive
    therapy.

30
(Lactic) AcidosisGrain overload, grain poisoning
  • Caused by excessive consumption of
    concentrates/grain which changes acidity of
    rumen.
  • Treat with antacids, sodium bicarbonate.
  • Prevent with proper feed management.
  • Introduce and increase grain slowly in diet.
  • Feed whole grains, grains that digest slower
  • Include forage in diet.
  • Split grain feedings feed forage first.
  • Buffering agents.

31
Urinary CalculiWater belly, urolithiasis,
calculosis, kidney stones
  • Blockage of urethra by calculi (stones) causes
    retention of urine.
  • Wethers are most prone (early castration).
  • Treatment depends upon severity of condition.
  • Usually caused by too much phosphorus in the
    diet, i.e. an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus
    in the ration (

32
Urinary CalculiWater belly, urolithiasis,
calculosis, kidney stones
  • Proper ration balancing
  • CaP ratio should be at least 21.
  • Legumes are a good source of calcium.
  • Cereal grains have a poor ratio of CaP.
  • Commercial feeds are balanced for Ca and P.
  • Do not add anything to balanced rations.
  • Ground limestone can be added to the ration as a
    source of calcium.
  • Free choice minerals do not ensure proper intake
    of minerals.
  • Adequate water intake important
  • Salt in ration(0.5 ammonium chloride in diet)

33
PolioencephalomalaciaPEM, polio, cerebrocortical
necrosis
  • Affects the central nervous system.
  • Mimics other neurological conditions.
  • Caused by a thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency not
    insufficient thiamine, but the inability to
    utilize it
  • Symptoms blindness, star gazing.
  • Usually occurs in animals on high concentrate
    diets, but may also occur on pasture.
  • Treat with thiamine injections.

34
Listerioiscircling disease
  • Caused by bacteria Listeria monocytogenes
  • Occurs 4-6 weeks after bacteria is consumed.
  • Results in neurological symptoms depression,
    disorientation, head tilt, facial paralysis,
    walking in circles.
  • Most commonly associated with the feeding of
    moldy silage.
  • High mortality uterine form causes abortion.
  • Non-contagious.
  • If recognized early, treatment with high doses of
    antibiotics can be effective.

35
BloatOccurs when rumen gas production rate of
gas elimination.
  • Pasture/frothy caused by consumption of
    legumous forages (alfalfa and clover), lush
    cereal grain pastures, wet grass, or finely
    ground grain.
  • Treat with anti-foaming agent, mineral or
    vegetable oil.
  • Prevent with good grazing management and
    poloxalene.
  • Limit legume content of pastures to 50 or less.
  • Consider non-bloating legumes (birdsfoot trefoil,
    lespedeza)
  • Feedlot/free gas associated with grain feeding
  • Treat by passing stomach tube rumenotomy in life
    threatening situations.

36
Copper-relatedCopper has important role in
fertility and health.
  • Copper toxicity(more common, esp. sheep)
  • Caused by too much copper in diet or not enough
    molybdenum (and/or sulfur).
  • For sheep, there is a narrow range between Cu
    requirements and toxicity levels.
  • Goats need and tolerate higher levels of copper
    in their diet.
  • Copper deficiency
  • Anemia, ataxia
  • Swayback
  • Steely, stringy wool

37
Selenium-relatedSelenium and Vitamin E are
interrelated.
  • Inadequate Se can affect growth, reproduction,
    immunity.
  • White muscle disease
  • Degeneration of the skeletal and cardiac muscles
  • Caused by a deficiency of selenium, vitamin E, or
    both
  • Can be a problem wherever selenium levels in the
    soil are low
  • Preventing/treating problems
  • Vitamin E/Selenium supplementation in feed,
    mineral mix, or via injections
  • Treat with Vitamin E/Se injections
  • Be careful when giving Se it is more toxic than
    other trace minerals.

38
Reproductive Problems
  • Abortion
  • Dystocia
  • Metabolic pregnancy toxemia and milk fever
  • Mastitis
  • Vaginal and uterine prolapses

39
AbortionTermination of pregnancy or birth of
weak or deformed lambs or kids that die shortly
after birth.
  • Bacterial
  • Chlamydia Enzootic Abortion, EAE
  • Vibriosis Vibrio campylobacter
  • Leptospirosis
  • Salmonella
  • Viral
  • Cache Valley Virus (mosquito vector)
  • Protozoa
  • Toxoplasmosiscaused by protozoa that causes
    coccidiosis in cats

The organisms that cause abortion in ewes/does
can cause abortion in women.
40
Dealing with an abortion stormOver 5 of
herd/flock seek veterinary assistance
  • Prevent spread of infectious agents.
  • Strict sanitation.
  • Disposal of infective material.
  • Isolation of aborting females.
  • Submit proper samples to a diagnostic lab.
  • Blood sampling.
  • Immediate vaccination.
  • Use of antibiotics.

The organisms that cause abortion in ewes/does
can cause abortion in women.
41
Preventing abortion storms
  • Maintain a closed flock/herd.
  • Vaccination
  • Low level feeding of antibiotics.
  • Prevent contamination of feed and water.
  • Control cat population.
  • Avoid stressful, overcrowded, and/or unsanitary
    conditions.
  • Feed Rumensin or Deccox.

The organisms that cause abortion in ewes/does
can cause abortion in women.
42
Dystocia (difficult births)New Zealand study
showed that dystocia accounted for 50 of newborn
lamb deaths.
  • Abortion dead or dewormed babies
  • Abnormal presentation of fetus(es)
  • Unusually large fetus
  • Small pelvic area
  • Fat mama
  • Vaginal prolapse
  • Ring womb failure of cervix to dilate

43
Dystocia (difficult births)New Zealand study
showed that dystocia accounted for 50 of newborn
lamb deaths.
  • Know when to assist
  • Straining for over an hour with no progress.
  • Know how to assist
  • Be clean and gentle.
  • Use plenty of lubricant.
  • Determine presentation/ problem.
  • Have ewe/doe stand or elevate her hindquarters.
  • Use antibiotic on any ewe/doe you assist.
  • Call a veterinarian or experienced shepherd if
    you have worked on a ewe/doe for more then 30
    minutes with no progress.

44
Pregnancy toxemiaketosis, twin lamb disease,
lambing paralysis, hypoglycemia
  • Low blood sugar caused by an inadequate intake of
    energy during late gestation.
  • Breakdown of fat produces toxic ketone bodies.
  • Mostly commonly affects fat, thin, old, and/or
    females carrying multiple births.
  • Symptoms lethargy, sluggishness, lack of
    appetite, poor muscle control, inability to rise.
  • Treatment is to increase blood sugar by giving
    glucose orally, sub-Q, or IV. C-section in
    extreme cases.
  • Prevent by providing enough energy in diet and
    providing adequate feeder space.

45
Milk Feverhypocalcemia, parturient paresis
  • Low blood calcium
  • Caused by inadequate intake of calcium during
    late pregnancy or inability to mobilize calcium
    reserves prior to or after parturition.
  • Similar symptoms as pregnancy toxemia.
  • Can occur before or after parturition.
  • Treat with commercial calcium solutions sub-Q or
    IV.
  • Prevent by providing proper amount of calcium in
    diet.
  • Dont under or overfeed calcium.Save alfalfa hay
    for lactation. Feed mixed hay in late gestation.

46
ProlapsesMore common in sheep than goats.
  • Three kinds
  • Vaginaltends to repeatgenetic component
  • Uterinenot geneticlife-threatening
  • Rectal(not usually reproductive)Risk factors
    sex, diet, genetics, health, and length of tail
    dock.

Vaginal
Rectal
Uterine
http//www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/rectalprolaps
e.html
Prolapses have many predisposing factors/causes.
47
MastitisA major reason for culling ewes (46)
  • Inflammation of the udder
  • Usually caused by bacteria Streptococcus sp.,
    Staphylococcus sp., Pasteurella sp., and
    coliforms, such as E. coli.
  • Acute, chronic, or sub-clinical.
  • Both halves - could be OPP.
  • Treat with antibiotics
  • Systemic
  • Intramammary
  • Prevention
  • Good sanitation
  • Proper management at weaning.
  • Dry cow treatment
  • Later weaning
  • Cull females with lumpy udders.

48
Diseases affecting the skin
  • Soremouth
  • Ringworm
  • External parasites

49
Soremouthcontagious ecthyma, contagious pustular
dermatitis, scabby mouth, orf
  • Most common skin disease of sheep and goats.
  • Caused by a virus from the pox family.
  • Causes lesions on mouth, lips, nostrils (teats,
    scrotum).
  • Problematic during lambing/ kidding season and if
    you show/exhibit.
  • Normally runs its course in 1 to 4 weeks.
  • Very contagious, including to people (orf).
  • There is a live vaccine for it. (dont vaccinate
    if youve never had it).

50
Ringwormclub lamb fungus, lumpy wool, wool rot
  • Fungal disease
  • Usually occurs in show lambs.
  • Results in hair loss, scabs, lesions, and
    pustules.
  • Contagious, to humans as well.
  • Treat with fungicides.

51
External parasitesEndoparasites
  • Keds (sheep tick)
  • Ticks
  • Lice
  • Mites
  • Blowflies/maggots
  • Nasal bots

52
Keds, ticks, lice, (mange) mites
  • Treat with insecticides dip, spray, or pour-
    on.
  • Some anthelmintics are effective against biting
    parasites (e.g. ivermectin)
  • Clean, dry environment

53
FlystrikeMyiasis
  • Caused by parasitic dipterous fly larvae feeding
    on the hosts necrotic or living tissue.
  • Occurs when flies lay eggs in moist wool or open
    wound or break in the skin.
  • Can cause death.
  • Prevent by proper docking, mulesling, and
    insecticide treatments.
  • Treat with insecticide applications.

54
Nasal BotsHead bot, sheep bot, Oestrus ovis
  • Occurs when female fly lays batches of newly
    hatched larvae in sheep or goats nostrils.
  • 6-month life cycle. May be 2 generations per
    year.
  • Symptoms sneezing, coughing, jerky movements of
    head.
  • Can cause bacterial infections and reduce
    performance.
  • Treat with ivermectin sheep drench.

55
A few other interesting health issues
  • Hypothermia and Starvation
  • Tetanus
  • Pinkeye
  • Entropion
  • Spider lamb disease
  • Epididymitis

56
Hypothermia and Starvationmost common causes of
lamb and kid mortality
  • Starvation - 1 cause of death
  • Make sure dam has milk and lets lambs/kids nurse
  • Make sure lambs/kids consume adequate colostrum
    (check bellies).
  • A well-fed lamb/kid stretches when it rises.
  • Mild hypothermia (99-101º F)
  • Dry and warm up lamb/kid
  • Tube feed colostrum, if necessary
  • Severe hypothermia (
  • Intra peritoneal injection of 20 dextrose
  • Slowly warm up lamb/kid
  • Feed colostrum by stomach tube

57
Tetanuslock jaw
  • Clostridial disease, in soil on most farms
  • Usually related to docking and castrating,
    especially by elastrator bands
  • Oxygen-starved tissues are ideal for tetanus
    organism
  • Any puncture wound can harbor the tetanus
    organism.
  • Symptoms stiffness caused by muscle
    contractions.
  • Treatable in early stages with antitoxin.
  • Prevent with vaccination
  • Vaccinate ewe/doe with tetanus toxoid prior to
    parturition OR
  • Vaccinate lamb/kid with tetanus antitoxin at time
    of docking, castrating, disbudding to provide
    immediate temporary immunity.

58
Pink eyekeratoconjunctivitis
  • Most common causes are mycoplasma and chlamydia.
  • Different agent than affects cattle
  • Highly contagious
  • Usually runs its course in 3 weeks
  • Treat with topical and systemic antibiotics

59
EntropionInverted eyelid
  • Lower eyelid is inverted, causing the eyelashes
    of the lower lid to brush against the eye
  • Causes irritation and tearing
  • Treat with antibiotics or staples, sutures, or
    clips
  • Heritable trait dont use rams or bucks with
    this trait.

Infovets.com
60
Spider lamb diseaseovine hereditary
chondrodysplasia
  • Genetic defect causing skeletal deformities.
  • Inherited as a genetic recessive disorder
  • SS - normal sheep
  • Ss - normal sheep (but carrier)
  • ss - spider lamb

DNA TestingWhite pedigree ancestors have not
produced spider lambsGray pedigree ancestors
have produced spider lambs
61
Epididymitis
  • Venereal disease of rams/bucks caused by Brucella
    ovis.
  • Contagiousmale to female, male to male
  • Inflammation of the tip of the epididymis.
  • Causes varying degrees of damage infertility.
  • Only half of rams respond to antibiotic
    treatment.
  • Damage is permanent.
  • Prevention buy disease-free or virgin males,
    test and cull, vaccinate.

testicle
testicle
Epididymis
Epididymis functions in the transport and storage
of sperm cells produced in the testicles.
62
Wasting Diseases
  • Viral (retroviruses)Similar to aids virus
  • Ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP)
  • Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE)
  • Bacterial
  • Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA)
  • Johnes Disease
  • Prion
  • Scrapie

63
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL or CLA)cheesy gland,
boils, abscesses
Caused by bacteria Corynbacterium
pseudotuberculosis
  • Internal (sheep) and external (goats) abscesses.
  • Pus in external abscess is initially pale green
    becomes thicker in sheep.
  • Usually affects animals 6 months of age.
  • Animals with internal form show weight loss and
    poor productivity, and may exhibit mastitis,
    respiratory distress, chronic cough or
    neurological deficits.
  • Internal form is a leading cause of sheep carcass
    condemnation.
  • Treatment lance abscess and flush with iodine
    solution.

Zoonotic potential - ???
64
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL or CLA)cheesy gland,
abscesses, boils
Caused by bacteria Corynbacterium
pseudotuberculosis
  • Controlling/eradicating CLA
  • Separate or cull affected animals
  • Practice good hygiene and management.
  • Purchase from CLA-free flocks/herds.
  • Vaccination can reduce severity of disease.
  • Do not vaccinate naïve flocks/herds

65
Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE)
  • Retroviral infection of goats which may lead to
    chronic disease of joints and encephalitis (rare)
    in young kids.
  • Similar to OPP in sheep.
  • CAE virus is primarily transmitted to kids
    through colostrum.
  • Contact transmission is rare, but possible.
  • No treatment or vaccine is available.

66
Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE)
  • Control/eradicate CAE
  • A positive blood test means the goat has
    antibodies for the virus.
  • Cull seropositive goats from the herd.
  • Separate kids from dams and feeding kids
    artificially.
  • Buy from CAE-free herds.

67
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)Maedi-Visna
26 of the sheep in the United States are
infected with the OPP virus
  • A slowly progressive viral disease caused by an
    ovine lentivirus.
  • Similar to CAE.
  • Sheep are infected for life.
  • Some breeds more susceptible
  • Primary means of transmission is through the
    ingestion of infected colostrum and milk.
  • Contact transmission possible.
  • Symptoms
  • Loss of body condition, thin ewe syndrome
  • Increased breathing at rest
  • Fever, cough, lethargy, nasal discharge
  • Hard bag
  • No treatment or vaccine

68
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
  • Control/eradicate OPP
  • Test and remove all seropositive sheep every six
    months until three consecutive negative tests
    are achieved.
  • Presence of antibodies is not indicative of
    immunity
  • Most infected sheep never show symptoms, but
    serve as carriers of the disease.
  • Separate lambs from infected ewes and rear them
    artificially.
  • Buy OPP-free breeding stock.

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Johnes Disease paratuberculosis
Caused by bacteria Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Victoria, Australia
  • Cattle, sheep, and goat strains
  • Environmental transmission
  • Symptoms
  • Emaciation, wasting disease
  • Profuse, watery diarrhea seen in cattle is not
    common in sheep/goats

Small intestine
Ohio State University
www.johnes.org
70
Johnes Disease
Small intestine
  • Difficult to diagnose.
  • No treatment.
  • Difficult to control.
  • Prevention
  • Maintain a closed flock/herd
  • Be careful with cow colostrum
  • Testing less reliable in sheep/goats
  • Vaccination may lower the number of clinical
    cases
  • Theoretical link to Crohns disease in people.

Ohio State Univ.
71
ScrapieGoal is to eradicate by 2010 and for U.S.
to be declared scrapie-free by 2017
  • Fatal disease affecting the central nervous
    system of sheep and goats.
  • Neurological symptoms
  • Intense itching
  • Behavior changes
  • Lack of coordination
  • Gait abnormalities
  • Tremors
  • Transmitted via infected placenta.
  • Males not considered to be a risk.
  • Can be spread by infected feed.
  • Contact/environmental transmission ???
  • Clinical signs appear 2 to 5 years (or later)
    after the animal has been infected.

72
ScrapieGoal is to eradicate by 2010 and for U.S.
to be declared scrapie-free by 2017
  • In sheep, susceptibility is determined by
    genetics.
  • Resistant genotypes have not been found it goats
    yet.
  • Low incidence in USA
  • 1/500 sheep.
  • 90 in Suffolk/black face sheep.
  • 15 goat cases since 1990
  • Only Australia and New Zealand are considered
    scrapie-free.
  • Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform
    encephalopathy (TSE).

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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)
  • Many TSEs
  • Theoretical link between scrapie and mad cow
    disease and between mad cow and new variant
    Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in people.
  • Always fatal.
  • Infective agent believed to be a prion, abnormal
    protein.
  • Long incubation periods.
  • Diagnosis post-mortem (brain tissue).
  • Massive regulations
  • Massive research
  • Many theories

74
Scrapie EradicationGoal is to eradicate scrapie
by 2010 and or U.S. to be declared scrapie-free
by 2017.
  • Increased slaughter surveillance.
  • Mandatory identification of sheep and goats in
    commerce.
  • Voluntary scrapie flock certification program.
  • Recommended for flocks/herds selling breeding
    stock.
  • Third eyelid testRectal biopsy
  • Genotyping for scrapie susceptibility

Regulations vary by state.
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