Bed Bug

1

• Bed Bug
• Biology
• and
• Control
• Revised 12 / 10 / 2oo8

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Taxonomic Hierarchy

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Insecta ( Hexapoda )
• Order Hemiptera ( Sub-Order
  Heteroptera )
  
• Family Cimicidae
• Genus Cimex
• Species lectularius
• Scientific Name Cimex lectularius L.
  
  
• Common Name the Common Bed Bug

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Adult Male - C. lectularius (L.)
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Adult Female - Engorged
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Description

• Small 3/16 inch long, oval, flat, reddish
  brown insects
  
• True bugs - w/ 3-seg. beak, 4-seg. antennae
• Vestigial wings a thin coat of fine golden
  hairs
  
• Give off a distinctive musty, sweetish odor
  
  
• Partly digested blood in feces causes rusty
  spots
  
• Males pointed abdomen
• Females rounded abdomen

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Dorsal View Head Thorax
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Ventral View - Head Thorax
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• Pictorial
• Key
• To
• ID
• Bed
• Bugs

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Bed Bug (Common) vs. Bat Bug (Eastern) C.
lectularius L. vs. C. adjunctus Barber
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Biology

• Feed only on Blood Mammals or Birds
• Attach small (1 mm long ) whitish eggs to
  surfaces in harborages where the bugs hide in
  loose clusters
  
• 5 Nymphal instars ( Need 1 blood meal each
  instar )
  
• Life Cycle takes 4-5 weeks (egg-to-egg) in good
  conditions 75-80 RH 83-90o F
  
• Female may lay 200-500 eggs in her lifetime
• Adults can survive 1 yr. w/o feeding Nymphs
  3-4 mo.
  
• Mating Traumatic Insemination

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Feeding - Several Instars
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Engorging Adults N - 2
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Engorged Nymphs - 1 2
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Eggs and Droppings
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Viable Eggs
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Rusty Spots on Bedding
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Bed Bugs Rusty Spots on Sheet
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Adult Bed Bugs Mating
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Medical Importance

• - Found naturally infected w/ 28 human pathogens
  
  
• - Never proven to transmit any human disease
• - Several species feed on humans
• (including Common Tropical Bed Bugs,
  
  
• Bat Bugs, Poultry Bugs
• - Salivary proteins cause sensitivity to
  repeated
  
• bites by large numbers of bed bugs
• - - 5 stages no reaction delayed
  reaction both immediate
  
• delayed immediate reaction only
  finally, no reaction
  
• - - True hypersensitivity can develop (but
  it is reversible)
  
• - Serious social stigma to having an
  infestation

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Feeding a Rearing Jar
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Immediate Bite Reactions
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Severe Bed Bug Bite Reactions (C. lectularius)

• - on a human arm
• - on a leg

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Delayed Reactions ( 24 hrs.)
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Habits ( Behavior )

• - Nocturnal, harbor in clusters, but NOT social
  
  
• - Hide in daytime in cracks, crevices, behind
• baseboards, bed frames, mattress seams,
  etc.
  
• - Take a blood meal to repletion in 3-10 min.
• - Prefer humans but feed on other hosts, too
• - Travel 5-20 ft. (each way) nightly to feed
• - Feed every few days if hosts available
• - Often void part of previous meal while feeding
  
  
• - Can remain fully active at
• if acclimated for 24 hrs at

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Bed Bugs Have Thin, Flat Bodies
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Some Control Strategies

• - Thorough survey accurate ID
• - Educate customers ( may take 1 visit )
• - Sanitation will NOT eliminate them
• - Initial vacuuming (mattresses, beds,
  harborages )
  
• - Treat harborages w/ properly labeled residual
  
  
• - - try to not use highly repellent materials
  
  
• - Dust electrical boxes, voids (maybe seal them
  shut )
  
• - Seal harborages shut (pref. silicone-based
  sealant )
  
• - Consider physical barriers if appropriate
• - Sticky monitors ( may detect continued
  presence)
  
• Note Uncover their bottom sticky areas
  
  
• ( this may catch bugs crawling underneath
  these )

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Bed Bug Rusty Spots on a Sheet
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Survey Sites Bed Frames, Night Stands
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Mattress (especially seams)
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Upholstered Chairs
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Upholstered Chairs (3)
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Window Curtains and Frames
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When Treating Think in 3-D

• 1. If you treat along part of a baseboard
• remember . . the bed bugs may already be (or
  can go) into or through wall voids,
  
• along pipes, or through air vent passages
• to rooms on either side, above, or below.
• 2. Consider concurrently treating the same
  identical spots
  
• a. On the other side of the common wall
• b. Along the wall-ceiling edges of rooms below

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Some Newer Techniques Products

• 1. Gentrol labeled for Bed Bugs
• 2. Heat Treatments ( Whole-House, Batch, Room )
  
  
• 3. Steaming Mattresses, or Beds, etc.
• 4. Phantom (Chlorfenapyr) labeled to control
• ants / roaches indoor crack-and-crevice
  
  
• 5. Baygon (propoxur) aerosol is labeled for
• crack-and-crevice treatments
• 6. Encase Mattress Pillows in special covers
• 7. Permethrin repellent, over-the-counter (s-h)
• 8. Silica gel powder/ residual (e.g., in
  Tri-Die )

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Heat Treatments (esp. in Batches)
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Steaming Furniture
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Bedding Encasements
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A New preventiveSelf-Help Treatment for Luggage
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Fumigation- type treatments

• 1. Whole structure fumigation will eliminate
  bugs present within treated areas, but . . . . .
  
  
• a. This is seldom economically practical.
• b. There is no residual protection.
• 2. The same things are true for . . .
• a. Batch or Single-Room Fumigations,
• b. Heat treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room),
  and
  
• c. Cold treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room).
  
  
• d. Steam treatments (mattress, box spring,
  etc.).
  

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A New Practical Reference( Dec., 2007 ) for
PMPs the Public

• Available for purchase at www.techletter.com
  
  
• Currently 67.00 (U.S.)

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Bed Bug Detection Dogs
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Multi-Attractant Traps ( new technology, 2-e.g.)

• Cimex Detection CaseTM
• Nightwatch TM

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• Questions ?

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• Note The following slides are included for
  possible use in a presentation, or they may
  simply be omitted ( or maybe just not shown ).
  

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Evidence of Resurgence

• Snetsinger . Bed bugs may actually cause slums
  .
  
• . . (Busvine 1951) today (1997) specimens
  are
  
• unavailable for classes few young
  entomologists
  
• have seen an infestation . . Mallis 8th
  ed. p.399
  
• Kreugers Dont get Bitten by the resurgence of
  Bed Bugs, Pest Contr. 68 (3) 58-64 ( Mar. 2000
  ).
  
• NPMA 29 infestations confirmed 18 states
  DC
  
• Library Update, Sept. 2001
• NPMA 600 infestations confirmed 49 states, DC
  ,
  
• 4 Provinces CAN., 4 states MEX. ( Aug.,
  2007 )
  
• Orkin has treated bed bugs in 49 states ( Jun.,
  2008 )

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Possible Factors In Bed Bug Resurgence

• 1. Greater human mobility
• 2. Less use of any residuals last 15 yrs
  
  
• 3. Significant switch to baits for roaches ants
  (1980s)
  
• 4. Many PMPs are still not very familiar w/ bed
  bugs
  
• - inadequate survey, wrong ID, incomplete
  treatment
  
• 5. Pyrethroids used in most accounts are
  repellent
  
• - bugs do not get a lethal dose (esp. in
  deep cracks)
  
• - harborages easy to miss in first survey
• - bugs may detect avoid residual
  treatments
  
• - bug pop. often split or move from such
  treatments
  
• 6. People may call any unknown bite - bed bugs

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A Few Suggested References (a.)

• Blow, J., M. Turell, A. Silverman, and E. Walker.
  2001. Stercorial shedding and transstadial
  transmission of Hepatitis B virus by common bed
  bugs (Hemiptera Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol.
  38(5) 694-700.
• Cabrera, B., and C. K. Heinsohn. 2006. Instant
  Symposium Not letting the bed bugs bite.
  American Entomologist.
  
• 52 (2) 98-121. Includes title article plus
  nine (9) more short articles as presented by
  other authors at the E.S.A. National Meetings in
  Ft. Lauderdale, FL Dec., 2005.
• Cooper, R. and H. Harlan. 2004. Chap. 8.
  Ectoparasites, Part three Bed Bugs Kissing
  Bugs. pp. 494-529, In 9th ed. Mallis Handbook of
  Pest Control. S. Hedges (ed. dir.). GIE Publ,
  Inc., Cleveland, OH.
• Doggett, S. 2006. A Code of Practice for the
  Control of Bed Bug Infestations in Australia.
  Australian Environmental Pest Managers Assn.,
  Ltd., NSW, Australia. 54 pp.
• See www.aepma.com.au

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A Few Suggested References (b.)

• Doggett, S., M. Geary, and R. Russell. 2004. The
  resurgence of bed bugs in Australia With notes
  on their ecology and control. Environ. Health,
  4(2) 30-38.
• Harlan, H., M. Faulde, and G. Baumann. 2008.
  Chap. 4. Bed Bugs, pp.131-151 In Public Health
  Significance of Urban Pests. Bonnefoy, X., H.
  Kampen, K. Sweeney, (eds.). WHO Europe,
  Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Hwang, S., T. Svoboda, I. DeJong, K. Kabasele,
  and E. Gogosis. 2005. Bed Bug infestation in an
  urban environment. Emerg. Inf. Dis., 11(4)
  533-538 (Apr.)
• Jupp, P., R. Purcell, M. Shapiro, and J. Gerin.
  1991. Attempts to transmit Hepatitis B virus to
  chimpanzees by arthropods. S. Afr. Med. J., 79
  320-322.
• Potter, M. 2004. Your Guide to bed bugs. PCT
  Mag. Vol. 32(8). A special 6-page pull out
  section between pages 12 and 13 of the Aug., 2004
  issue.

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A Few Suggested References (c.)

• Snetsinger, R. 1997. Chap. 9. Bed Bugs Other
  Bugs.
  
• pp. 392-424, In 8th ed. Mallis Handbook of
  Pest Control. S. Hedges (ed.). GIE Publ, Inc.,
  Cleveland, OH.
  
• Technical Guide (TG) 44. 2007. Bed Bugs
  Importance, Biology, and Control Strategies.
  AFPMB, www.afpmb.org .
  
• Usinger, R. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thos.
  Say Foundation, Vol. VII, Entomol. Soc. Amer.,
  Lanham, MD.
  
• WHO. 1982. Vector Control Series. VI. Bed Bugs.
  World Health Organization. WHO/VBC/82.857. 9 pp.
  
  

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A Few Suggested Web Sites

• These sites can be searched for more details,
  images, etc. about Bed Bugs.
  
• Armed Forces Pest Mgt. Board www.afpmb.org
• National Pest Management Assn.
  www.pestworld.org
  
• PCT Magazine web site. www.pctonline.com
• Pest Management Professional web site.
• www.pestcontrolmag.com ( formerly Pest
  Control )
  
• The Univ. of KY Extension Entomology web site.
  
  
• www.uky.edu/Entomology/entfacts/struct/ef636.htm
  
  
• Coopers Pest Solutions www.cooperpest.com
• Or, Search for bed bugs on www.Google.com
• Note - some facts on some websites are wrong
  !!

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Male Paramere
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Female Para-genital Sinus
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Adult Male - C. lectularius (L.)
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Adult Female Lateral View
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Dorsal View - Front Half
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Swallow Bug
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Engorged 1st Instar Nymph Micturating
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Adult Female
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Immediate Bite Reactions
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(No Transcript)
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the Eastern Bat Bug C. adjunctus Barber
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Monitors May Help Detect Bed Bugs
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