Bed Bugs:

1

• Bed Bugs
• a Pest Control
• Challenge

2
Description

• Small 3/16 inch long, oval, flat,
• reddish - brown insects
• True bugs - w/ 3-seg. beak, 4-seg. antennae
• Vestigial wings a thin coat of fine
• golden hairs
• Give off a distinctive musty, sweetish odor
• Partly digested blood in feces causes
• rusty spots
• Males pointed abdomen
• Females rounded abdomen

3
Adult Common Bed Bugs, C. lectularius (L.)

• Unfed
• Nearly Engorged v

4
Biology

• Feed only on Blood Mammals or Birds
• Attach small (1 mm long ) whitish eggs to
  surfaces in harborages where the bugs hide in
  loose clusters
• 5 Nymphal instars ( Need 1 blood meal each )
• Life Cycle takes 4-5 weeks (egg-to-egg) in good
  conditions 75-80 RH 83-90o F
• Female may lay 200-500 eggs in her lifetime
• Adults can survive 1 yr. without feeding
• Nymphs 3-4 mo. ()
• Mating Traumatic Insemination

5
Eggs Droppings
6
Adult Bed Bugs Mating
7
Habits ( Behavior )

• - Nocturnal, harbor in clusters, but NOT social
  
• - Hide in daytime in cracks, crevices, bed
  frames, behind baseboards, mattress seams, etc.
  
• - Take a blood meal to repletion in 3-15 min.
• - Prefer humans but feed on other hosts, too
• - Travel 5-20 ft. (each way) nightly to feed
• - Feed every few days if hosts are available
• - Often void part of previous meal while feeding
  
• - Can remain fully active at
• if acclimated for 4 - 24 hrs at

8
Bed Bugs Have Thin, Flat Bodies
9
Adult Feeding Defecating
10
Bed Bugs Rusty Spots on Sheet
11
Medical Importance

• - Naturally infected w/ 28 human pathogens
• - Never proven to transmit any human disease
• - Several species feed on humans
• Common Tropical Bed Bugs,
• Bat Bugs, Bird Bugs
• - Salivary proteins cause sensitivity to
  repeated
• bites by large numbers of bed bugs
• - - 5 stages no reaction delayed
  reaction both immediate
• delayed immediate reaction only
  finally, no reaction
• - - True hypersensitivity can develop
  (apparently reversible)
• - Serious social stigma to having an
  infestation

12
Bed Bugs (s.l.) that Commonly Bite Humans

• Bed Bat
  Swallow

13
Immediate Bite Reactions
14
Delayed Reactions ( 24 hrs.)
15
Why Bed Bugs are a Control Challenge

• 1. Often hard to detect in small numbers.
• ( small, nocturnal, cryptic, fairly
  mobile )
• 2. No reliable attractant available ( currently
  ).
• 3. Readily detect ( avoid) many chemicals.
• 4. Adults can live 1 yr. without feeding.
• Nymphs fed once can live 3 mo. w/o
  feeding
• 5. Insecticide resistance newly documented.
• 6. Very easily re-introduced and/or spread.

16

• Bed Bug Control in a Barracks, ca. 1943

From Pest Control Mag., May 2006, p. 42
Using Zyklon B ( HCN) gas
17
Control Strategies Considerations

• - Thorough survey accurate ID
• - Educate customers ( may take 1 visit
• Sanitation alone will NOT eliminate them)
• - Eliminate Clutter (poss. use sealed bags/
  bins)
• - Vacuuming ( beds, other harborages )
• - Hot launder cloth _at_ 113o F (or dry clean )
  
• - Treat harborages w/ residual insecticide
• - - try to not use highly repellent materials
  

18
Control Strategies (Contd)

• - Dust electrical boxes, voids
• ( and maybe seal them shut )
• - Seal harborages shut
• ( pref. w/ silicone-based sealant )
• - Consider physical barriers if appropriate
• - Sticky monitors may detect continued
• presence ( but are not very effective )
• Note Uncover bottom sticky areas
• ( this may catch bugs crawling underneath )
  

19
Thorough Inspection
20
Mattress (especially seams)
21
Cryptic Harborage Sites
Above Photo by M. Potter
Above (2) Left Photos by B. Ogg
22

• Pictorial
• Key
• To
• ID
• Bed
• Bugs

23
When Treating Think in 3-D

• 1. If you treat along part of a baseboard
• remember . . the bed bugs may already be (or
  can go) inside or through wall voids,
• along pipes, or through air vent passages
• to rooms on either side, above, or below.
• 2. Consider concurrently treating the same
  identical spots or edges -
• a. On the other side of the common wall
• b. Along the wall-ceiling edges of rooms below
• (and/ or above).

24
Some Interesting Recent Data

• 1. A major national Pest Mgt. Co. reported that
  for the period Sept. 02 Apr. 06, 24 of
  700 hotels they serviced had active bed bug
  infestations . . . and . . . .
• 2. In at least 19.7 of the cases,
• at least one secondary room , of
• 440 primary infested rooms ,
• had live bed bugs at the same time
• (before any treatment).

25
Some Newer Techniques Products

• 1. IGRs - Gentrol labeled for bed bugs (03)
• 2. Heat or Cold ( Bldg., Room, Batch, Bed )
• 3. Steaming Mattresses, Beds, etc.
• 4. Residual Pyrethroids several are currently
• labeled for crack-and-crevice treatments
  
• 5. Encase mattress Pillows in plastic covers
• 6. Permethrin repellent, over-the-counter (s-h)
• 7. Bug-sniffing dogs quick detection, small
  pop.

26
Steam Treatment

• Photos by F. Meek, OrkinTM

27
Heat Treatment of a whole Airplane

• Photo by M. Holfeld, Seminole Mag.

28
CO2 ( Snow ) Treatment

• Photo by CryoniteTM

29
Available through ResidexTM www.residex.com/bedb
ugs
30
Bed Bug-Sniffing Dogs
31
Bed Bug Control Code of Practice
( CoP ) Australia
32

• Questions ?

33
A Few Suggested References (a.)

• Blow, J., M. Turell, A. Silverman, and E. Walker.
  2001. Stercorial shedding and transstadial
  transmission of Hepatitis B virus by common bed
  bugs (Hemiptera Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol.
  38(5) 694-700.
• Cabrera, B., and C. K. Heinsohn. 2006. Instant
  Symposium Not letting the bed bugs bite.
  American Entomologist.
• 52 (2) 98-121. Includes title article plus
  nine (9) more short articles as presented by
  other authors at the E.S.A. National Meetings in
  Ft. Lauderdale, FL Dec., 2005.
• Cooper, R. and H. Harlan. 2004. Chap. 8.
  Ectoparasites, Part three Bed Bugs Kissing
  Bugs. pp. 494-529, In 9th ed. Mallis Handbook of
  Pest Control. S. Hedges (ed. dir.). GIE Publ,
  Inc., Cleveland, OH.
• Doggett, S. 2006. A Code of Practice for the
  Control of Bed Bug Infestations in Australia.
  Australian Environmental Pest Managers Assn.,
  Ltd., NSW, Australia. 54 pp.
• See www.aepma,com.au

34
A Few Suggested References (b.)

• Doggett, S., M. Geary, and R. Russell. 2004. The
  resurgence of bed bugs in Australia With notes
  on their ecology and control. Environ. Health,
  4(2) 30-38.
• Harlan, H., M. Faulde, and G. Baumann. 2007.
  Chap. 5. Bed Bugs. In Vector Control. WHO,
  Geneva. in press Due to be published Oct.,
  2006 .
• Hwang, S., T. Svoboda, I. DeJong, K. Kabasele,
  and E. Gogosis. 2005. Bed Bug infestation in an
  urban environment. Emerg. Inf. Dis., 11(4)
  533-538 (Apr.)
• Jupp, P., R. Purcell, M. Shapiro, and J. Gerin.
  1991. Attempts to transmit Hepatitis B virus to
  chimpanzees by arthropods. S. Afr. Med. J., 79
  320-322.

35
A Few Suggested References (c.)

• Potter, M. 2004. Your Guide to bed bugs. PCT Mag.
  Vol. 32(8). A special 6-page pull out section
  between pages 12 and 13 of the Aug., 2004 issue.
  
• Snetsinger, R. 1997. Chap. 9. Bed Bugs Other
  Bugs. pp. 392-424, In 8th ed. Mallis Handbook
  of Pest Control.. GIE Publ, Inc., Cleveland, OH.
  
• Usinger, R. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thos.
  Say
• Foundation, Vol. VII, Entomol. Soc. Amer.,
  Lanham, MD.
• WHO. 1982. Vector Control Series. VI. Bed Bugs.
  World
• Health Organization. WHO/VBC/82.857. 9 pp.
  

36
A Few Suggested Web Sites

• These web sites can be searched for more
  possibly useful details, images, etc. about Bed
  Bugs.
• The National Pest Management Assn.s web site.
• www.pestworld.org
• PCT Magazine web site.
• www.pctonline.com
• Pest Control Magazines web site.
• www.pestcontrolmag.com
• The Univ. of KY Extension Entomol. web site.
• www.uky.edu/Entomology/entfacts/struct/ef636.htm
  
• Or, Search for bed bugs on www.Google.com
• Note - some facts on some listed sites are
  wrong !!

37
(No Transcript)