Artificial Insemination

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Artificial Insemination

• John Parrish

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Objectives of Artificial Insemination

• Genetic improvement of livestock
• Disease control mechanism
• Possible to increase fertility
• Decrease breeding expense

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Current Status of US Industry

• Dairy Cattle
• 7 million (50) - in Denmark Japan 90-100
• Beef Cattle
• 1.3 million (3)
• Swine
• 60 - 80
• Turkey
• 100
• Horses
• Increasing rapidly

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Advantages of AI

• Genetic Improvement
• Wide spread use and availability of genetically
  superior sires
• 1 bull can breed 500000 cows in a lifetime
• After death semen can be used
• Oldest frozen semen 40 - 45 years old
• Rapid proof of sire
• Progeny testing examines offspring for desired
  traits
• With natural mating would only have 100s of
  offspring

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Advantages of AI (cont.)

• Availability of sires
• Sires anywhere in world
• Danger of bull (male) removed
• Disease reduction
• Crossbreeding
• Can try without buying sire
• Improved management
• Start to keep records

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Advantages of AI (cont.)

• Economics
• Cost of very good sire is reduced because extend
  semen
• Cost to maintain sires reduced as dont need as
  many to breed all the females

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Disadvantages

• Estrus detection must be good
• Trained inseminator
• Bull semen the best other species not as good
• Use of poor male may increase if not tested well
• Technology to store cooled or frozen semen
• Difficult to maintain

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Age When Semen Can Be Collected

• Bull 12 months
• Boar 6 - 8 months
• Ram 6 - 9 months
• Stallion 20 - 24 months
• Dog 8 - 12 months

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Effect of Age on Sperm Output
Bull
Sperm Output
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Age in Months
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Semen Collection

• Sexual arousal
• Sight sound smell touch
• Best mount - Live

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Collection on a Live Mount
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Collection on a Live Mount
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Semen Collection

• Sexual arousal
• Sight sound smell touch
• Best mount - Live
• Alternative mount - dummies
• Bull
• Stallion
• Boar
• Ram

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Collection of a Bull on a Dummy
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Stallion Collection on a Phantom
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Boar Collection on a Dummy
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Ram Collection on a Dummy
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Semen Collection (cont.)

• Sexual Preparation
• False mounts
• In bulls can increase sperm collected by 100
• Novelty
• Change mounts location other males present
• Breed and species differences
• Beef bulls less libido than dairy bulls
• Arab stallions more libido than Quarter horse
  stallions
• Rams less libido than bulls or male goats

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Semen Collection (cont.)

• Frequency of collection
• As increase frequency/wk
• decrease sperm/ejaculate
• Increase sperm recovered/wk

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Effect of Collection Frequency on Sperm Output
Item Dairy Beef Sheep Swine Horses of
collections 1-6 1-6 7-25 2-5 2-6 Volume
(ml) 5-8 3-6 0.8-1.2 150-300 30-100 Concentration
(million/ml) 1000-2000 800-1500 2000-3000 200-300
200-400 Total sperm/ejac. (billion) 7-15 5-10 1.
6-3.6 30-60 5-10 Total sperm/wk (billion) 15-40 1
0-30 25-40 100-150 15-30 Motile
sperm() 50-75 40-75 60-80 50-80 40-75 Normal
sperm() 70-95 65-90 80-95 70-90 70-90
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Artificial Vaginas
Water
Water
Inner Liner
Collection cone
Collection vial
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Characteristics of AV

• Temperature
• Bull stallion ram - 45C
• Pressure
• Friction
• Lubrication essential

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Electroejaculation

• Useful if male wont or cant mount
• Get urine often
• Poorer quality ejac.
• Used in rams and beef bulls

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Massage Method

• Stimulate by rectal massage
• Seminal vesicles
• Vas deferens

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Semen Evaluation

• Appearance (color)
• No debris
• No puss
• No urine
• Volume
• Motility
• Concentration
• Hemocytometer spectrophotometer
• Morphology

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Preservation of Semen

• Extenders (7 components)
• Nutrients
• Glucose fructose
• Cold shock prevention
• Milk skim-milk egg yolk
• Buffer
• Citrate Tris
• Osmotic pressure
• The buffer component

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Preservation of Semen (cont.)

• Inhibit bacterial growth
• antibiotics
• Increase volume
• Cryoprotectant
• glycerol

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Preservation of Semen (cont.)

• Liquid Semen
• Collect semen
• Semen quality exam
• Extend 13 (semenextender)
• Minimal extension rate
• Cool to 5C over 2 hours
• OK for bull stallion ram
• Boar - cool to 15C

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Preservation of Semen (cont.)

• Once cooled extend semen to final amount
• Bovine (inseminate 0.5 ml)
• 2 to 5 million sperm/ml
• Equine (inseminate 1 billion sperm)
• 25 to 50 million sperm/ml
• If dont cool then inseminate 500 million motile
  sperm
• Swine (inseminate 1.5 to 6 billion sperm in 50
  ml)
• 30 to 120 million sperm/ml

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Preservation of Semen (cont.)

• Frozen semen
• Follow instruction for collecting and cooling
  semen
• After cooling to 5C extend to 2X the final
  concentration desired
• If want final concentration to be 40 million/ml
  then dilute to 80 million to ml at this time
• Hold semen for 4 to 6 hours at 5C
• Equilibrates semen to the cold

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Preservation of Semen (cont.)

• Add the cryoprotectant
• Mix extender with 2X final cryoprotectant amount
  11 with extended semen
• Do this in small portions to minimize
  cryoprotectant toxicity
• Package semen
• 0.5 ml French straws
• Ampules
• Freeze semen
• Liquid nitrogen vapor
• Static
• Mechanically controlled
• Dry ice depressions for pellet freezing

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Preservation of Semen (cont.)

• Storage
• In a liquid nitrogen tank

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Liquid Nitrogen Tank
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Temperature in Neck of Storage Tank
Liquid Nitrogen -196C
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Temperature of Straws If Low LN
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Thawing

• Use the procedures recommended by the semen
  supplier!!!
• 35C water for 30 - 60 seconds
• Ice water for 3 minutes
• Pocket thaw

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Insemination of the Female

• Detection of estrus
• No need to review this material
• Time of insemination
• Cattle (2X daily heat detection)
• 12 hours after observed in standing heat (AM - PM
  rule)
• Inseminate on the day of estrus
• Swine (2X daily heat detection)
• Sow - 24 and 36 hours after first seen in estrus
• Gilt - 12 and 24 hours after first seen in estrus

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Insemination of the Female

• Sheep
• 12 to 18 hours after first seen in estrus
• Horses
• Every second day beginning on day 3 of heat
• Breed when reach 40 - 45 mm follicle
• Breed 24 hours after HCG injection
• HCG given when a gt35 mm follicle is present
• Ovulation is 36 to 40 hours after HCG
• Insemination protocol
• Rectal-vaginal
• Vaginal

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Insemination of the Cow
Rectal-Vaginal Approach
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Artificial Insemination in the Mare
Vaginal
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Artificial Insemination in the Sow
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Factors Effecting Conception Rate

• How is conception rate measured
• Non-return rate
• Rectal palpation
• Ultrasound
• Time of insemination
• If after ovulation then get aging of oocytes
• of sperm inseminated
• Fertility of males
• Skill of inseminator

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Use and Success of AI

• Semen
• Species Liquid Frozen Preg. Rate Major Problems
• Dairy Cattle OK OK 60-70 OK need good
  heat detection
• Beef Cattle OK OK 55-65 Range area
  large poor heat detection
• Sheep OK Fair 50-65 Large range low value
  of ewe
• Swine OK Fair 40-75 Estrus detection
• Horses OK Fair 30-60 Timing insemination br
  eed restrictions
• Turkey OK Poor 90 None
• Humans OK Fair 5-30 Donors infertility time