Title: CRIT 1101
1CRIT 1101
- Chapter 1
- Sections 1.1 1.3
2Key Terms Section 1.1
- Logic
- Argument
- Premises
- Conclusion
- Premises Indicators
- Conclusion Indicators
- Statement
3Section 1.1
- Logic as the organized body of knowledge or
science that evaluates arguments. All of us
encounter arguments in our day-to-day experience.
- The aim of logic is to develop a system of
methods and principles that we may use criteria
for evaluating arguments of others as well as
forming ones own argument.
4Section 1.1
- Arguments as used in logic are a group of
statements. One or more of these statements are
claimed to provide support for or reasons to
believe one of the others.
- The statement(s) that provides support are called
premises. (claimed evidence) - The statement claimed to follow from the premises
is called the conclusion. (what is claimed to
follow from the evidence)
5Example of an Argument (Section 1.1)
- All crimes are violations of the law. Theft is a
crime. Therefore theft is a violation of the
law. - P All Crimes are violations of the law.
- P Theft is a crime.
- C Therefore theft is a violation of the law.
6More Examples
- Big money is buying elections like never before
and foundations of our democracy are being
under-minded. Thus campaign finance reform is
essential. - P Big money is buying elections like never
before and foundations of our democracy are
being under-minded. - C Thus campaign finance reform is essential.
7Conclusion Indicators
- Therefore
- Wherefore
- Thus
- Consequently
- We may infer
- Accordingly
- We may conclude
- It must be that
- For this reason
- So
- Entails that
- Hence
- It follows that
- Implies that
- As a result
8Find the Conclusion Indicator
- Computer viruses can cause billions of dollars in
damage. Also they destroy work that sometimes
can be irreplaceable. Therefore hackers who
create computer viruses should be severely
punished. - C.I. Therefore
9Premises Indicators
- Since
- As indicated by
- Because
- For
- In that
- May be inferred
- Seeing that
- For the reason that
- In as much as
- Owing to
- As
- Given that
10Find the Premises Indicator
- Given that the cost of prescription drugs are
cheaper in Canada than they are in the United
States Congress should act to reduce the cost of
these drugs. - P.I. Given that
11Key Terms Section 1.2
- Non-arguments
- Warning
- Piece of Advise
- Statement or Belief or Opinion
- Factual Claim
- Inferential Claim
- Implicit and Explicit Arguments
12Section 1.2
- Not every passage in ordinary language contains
an argument. Hence to apply logic to ordinary
language you must be able to distinguish
arguments from non-arguments.
13Three keys in distinguishing Arguments from
Non-Arguments
- Premise and conclusion indicators
- An inferential relation among statements
(inferential claim) - Typical non-arguments (Warnings Pieces of
advise and Statements of belief or opinion.)
14Example of Indicators in an Non-Argument
- Make sure when a indicator is being used that it
is being used to prove something. - So there could be an Indicator in a sentence and
it could not be an argument. - Example Since the Hawks traded for Glen Big
Dog Robinson there have been more Hawk talk in
Atlanta.
15Example of an Inferential relation among
Statements
- The Atlanta Braves have the best chance to win
the World Series this year. They have the best
bullpen in baseball and have an unbelievable
scoring offense. Plus they do still have two
very good starting pitchers.
16Type of Non-Arguments
- Warning puts someone on guard against a dangerous
or detrimental situation. Example Watch out for
falling rocks when you are driving near Look-Out
Mtn. - A Piece of Advise makes a recommendation about
some future decision or course of conduct.
Example Before taking a class that is an
pass/fail basis make certain that you know the
minimum requirements for passing. - A statement of Belief or Opinion expresses what
someone happens to think or believe about
something. Example I think Cory Baldwin is the
best professor at Clayton State and it is
possible that he could be the best professor in
all the world.
17What type of Non-Argument
- The Agriculture Department uses one standard for
ground beef while poultry products are allowed
almost six times more salmonella-positives. There
is no standard for pork or sausage. We hope to
see this useless policy reformed. - What is it
- Statement of Belief or Opinion
18What type of Non-Argument
- Many diseases have genetic causes. Adoptive
children have a right to information about
diseases they may contact. Thus adopted
children have a right to know the identity of
their birth place. - What is it
- Argument
19What type of Non-Argument
- People who pirate music from the Internet are
cutting their own throats. By cheating recording
artists out of their royalties these pirates are
driving the artists out of business. If the
artists go out of business there will be no more
music. - What is it
- Argument
20What type of Non-Argument
- Mary whatever you do never go to class without
some paper and a pen. - What is it
- Warning
21What type of Non-Argument
- I recommend after you graduate that you take
advantage of the luxury of the choice that a
college education can offer and do what you love
best in life even if it is unfashionable. - What is it
- Piece of Advise
22Section 1.3
- Deduction the reasoning leads one to believe
that the conclusion is correct without any doubt
(according to the premises).
- Induction the reasoning leads one to believe
that the conclusion has a possibilility of being
wrong (there is a shadow of doubt in the
conclusion due to the premises).
23Deductive
- All the students who attend St. Judes High
School are Catholic. Bill attends St. Judes High
School. Therefore Bill is Catholic.
24Inductive
- Some of the students who attend Marist High
School are Catholic. Beth attends Marist High
School. Therefore Beth is probably a Catholic.