Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed', p' 215

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Early Homo -- The First Humans
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
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Neandertals and Other Archaics
Whats the difference between

• Early Homo
• and
• Archaic Homo?

3
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Whats the difference between

• Early Homo
• Homo habilis
• 2.4 mya

4
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Whats the difference between

• Archaic Homo
• Neandertals and others
• ca. 300,000 ybp

5
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Whats the difference between

• Archaic Homo
• Premodern Human
• ca. 300,000 ybp

6
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Whats the difference between

• Early Homo
• Homo habilis
• 2.4 mya

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Source Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 33
12
Early Homo
Some people think there are two species

• Homo rudolfensis . . .
• (e.g., KNM ER 1470)
• 2. Homo habilis . . .

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Early Homo
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 252 (cf., pp. 215-217,
9th ed.
We agree that more than one species is probably
represented, but for simplicity suggest referring
to all the Plio-pleistocene human specimens as
early Homo. The species names Homo habilis
and Homo rudolfensis are the ones most commonly
used for designating two different species of
early Homo.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
17
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-30
18
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-31
19
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-29
20
Early Homo
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 252 (cf., pp. 215-217,
9th ed.
We agree that more than one species is probably
represented, but for simplicity suggest referring
to all the Plio-pleistocene human specimens as
early Homo. The species names Homo habilis
and Homo rudolfensis are the ones most commonly
used for designating two different species of
early Homo.
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Australopithecines - Homo

• Genus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• Species
• ramidus
• afarensis
• africanus
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• habilis ( early )
• rudolfensis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

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Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

23
Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

2. Are (sometimes called) Plio-Pleistocene
hominids . . .
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Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

2. Are (sometimes called) Plio-Pleistocene
hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
25
Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

2. Are (sometimes called) Plio-Pleistocene
hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
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Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 234
27
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 269
28
Time 23 July 2001
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Time 23 July 2001
30
Smithsonian Institution
31
Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

2. Are (sometimes called) Plio-Pleistocene
hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
32
Glossary
Early Homo

• Homo rudolfensis . . .
• Homo habilis . . .

33
Glossary
Early Homo

• Homo rudolfensis . . .
• Homo habilis . . .

(e.g., KNM ER 1470)
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Time 23 July 2001
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Major Species
Homo rudolfensis (KNM ER 1470)

• one of two species of Early Homo
• inhabited South and East Africa
• 2.4 1.6 mya

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Glossary
Early Homo

• Homo rudolfensis . . .
• Homo habilis . . .

39
Major Species
Homo habilis (Olduvai, Koobi Fora . . .)

• one of two species of Early Homo
• inhabited South and East Africa
• 2.0 1.6 mya

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Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
Homo habilis (Olduvai, Koobi Fora . . .)

• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• 700 cc brain
• tool manufacture
• 1.85 - 1.6 mya

42
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed. p 185
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Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 -
Present
e.g., 1972

• "1470" (and "1590")
• Lake Turkana, East Africa
• Homo habilis
• 2 mya

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Time 23 July 2001
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Glossary
Early Homo

• Homo rudolfensis, and Homo habilis . . .

49
Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

2. Are (sometimes called) Plio-Pleistocene
hominids . . .
50
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103
51
Epochs Tertiary / Quaternary
52
Epochs Tertiary / Quaternary
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Glossary
Early Homo

• Homo rudolfensis, and Homo habilis . . .

55
Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

2. Are (sometimes called) Plio-Pleistocene
hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
56
www.amnh.org/exhibitions/atapuerca/africa/branches
.php
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Glossary
Early Homo

• Homo rudolfensis, and Homo habilis . . .

73
Traits
Early Homo

• 1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .

2. Are (sometimes called) Plio-Pleistocene
hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
74
Major Trends Brain Development
Brains develop in

• size . . .
• the ratio of brain weight to overall body weight
  . . .
• complexity . . .

75
Major Trends Brain Development
Brains develop in

• size . . .

76
Source Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 230
77
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 269
78
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Major Trends Brain Development
Brains develop in

• size . . .
• the ratio of brain weight to overall body weight
  . . .

81
Source Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 386
82
Major Trends Brain Development
Brains develop in

• size . . .
• the ratio of brain weight to overall body weight
  . . .
• complexity . . .

83
Major Trends Brain Development
the cerebral cortex(neocortex)

• increases in area

84
Introduction to Physical Anthropology, 8th ed.,
Fig. 7-3
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Early Humans
Interpretations
87
Time 23 July 2001
88
Smithsonian Institution
89
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-31
90
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 259
91
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
92
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 12-16
93
Time 23 July 2001
94
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
95
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 12-17
96
Early Homo
Interpretations __________________
And, usually, early Homo are men, heading East .
. .
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Time 23 July 2001
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Source Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 33
105
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7132794.
stm
106
Early Homo
Next
Homo erectus . . .
107
Australopithecines - Homo

• Genus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• Species
• ramidus
• afarensis
• africanus
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• rudolfensis ( early )
• habilis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

108
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
109
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 12-16
110
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111
Early Homo
And after Homo erectus
Homo sapiens . . .
112
Australopithecines - Homo

• Genus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

• Species
• ramidus
• afarensis
• africanus
• aethiopicus
• boisei
• robustus
• rudolfensis ( early )
• habilis ( early )
• erectus
• sapiens

113
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
114
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 12-16
115
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116
Early Homo
Caution!
Note that . . .
117
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Early Homo is not the same as

• Archaic Homo sapiens

118
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Early Homo

• Homo habilis
• Homo rudolfensis

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Time 23 July 2001
120
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Archaic Homo sapiens

• are members of the species Homo sapiens
  (including Neandertals)
• preceded anatomically modern Homo sapiens
  (Qafzeh and Cro-Magnon)
• are different from Homo erectus . . .
• but lack the full set of characteristics
  diagnostic of modern Homo sapiens . . .

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Time 23 July 2001
122
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
123
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 12-16
124
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Archaic Homo sapiens

• post - Erectus humans in
• Africa
• Asia (India and China)
• Europe

125
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., pp. 250-251
126
Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed.,
pp. 290-292
127
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 253
128
Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8th ed.,
p. 293
129
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Archaic Homo sapiens

• 400,000 - ca. 130,000 y.b.p.

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Time 23 July 2001
131
Neandertals and Other Archaics
Archaic Homo sapiens include

• Swanscombe
• Steinheim
• Fontechevade
• Atapuerca
• Arago
• Vértesszöllös
• Broken Hill (Kabwe)
• and others
• Neandertal, BUT . . .

132
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 252
133
Neandertals and Other Archaics

• Neandertals are a special case of Archaic Homo
  sapiens

More on that latter
134
Homo erectus . . ..
Next
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The End