Introduction to the Practices and Principles of AudioVisual Archiving - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction to the Practices and Principles of AudioVisual Archiving

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Title: Introduction to the Practices and Principles of AudioVisual Archiving


1
Introduction to the Practices and Principles of
Audio-Visual Archiving
  • International Council on Archives,
  • Section of International Organisations
  • Nairobi, Kenya
  • 25 October, 2007
  • Martha Hunt, Audio-Visual Archivist
  • United Nations International Criminal Tribunal
    for Rwanda

2
What are Audio-Visual Records?
  • Audio something that is heard
  • Visual something that is seen
  • An object that
  • stores sight and sound
  • reproduces sight and sound

3
History of Audio Recording
  • Tin-foil phonograph
  • Wax cylinder
  • Pressed disks (LPs)
  • Magnetic tape (various formats)
  • Cassette tapes
  • CD
  • Digital audio files

4
Henry Fox Talbot
Louis Daguerre
5
Edward Muybridge
6
Nitrate Film
  • Flammable
  • Destroyed by studios when no longer financially
    valuable
  • Nitrate deterioration

7
The British Film Institute
  • Established to encourage the development of the
    art of the film, to promote its use as a record
    of contemporary life and manners, and to foster
    public appreciation and study of it from these
    points of view.

8
Cinematheque Francaises
  • The first national cinematheque, and model for
    numerous institutions world-wide.
  • Focused on the public screenings and museum
    exhibits.

9
Acetate Film
  • Non-flammable safety film
  • 35mm
  • 16mm
  • 8mm
  • affordable for amateur use

10
Video
  • Television
  • Broadcasting only, not recordable
  • Magnetic tape used for recording image
  • First videos too large for consumer use
  • Various formats developed
  • Professional quality
  • Consumer quality (VHS)

11
DVD and Digital Files
  • DVD
  • Same shape and physical make-up as CDs
  • Capable of storing large amounts of information
  • Image quality superior to VHS
  • Digital Video Files
  • No longer a physical object
  • Storage space costly
  • Will become more common in the near future

12
Goals of Audio-Visual Archiving
  • Preservation
  • Public Accessibility

13
Problems with film
  • Nitrate deterioration
  • Acetate deterioration (vinegar syndrome)
  • Black and white fading
  • Color fading
  • Physical damage to prints

14
Problems with video
  • Drop-outs
  • Damage in playback
  • Dust and pollutants
  • Mould
  • Binder break-down (stick-shed syndrome)

15
Problems with CDs and DVDs
  • Scratches
  • Dye-fading
  • No standards
  • Uncertain life expectancy

16
Points to consider regarding digitisation
  • Purpose
  • Enhanced public accessibility
  • Preservation
  • Compression schemes
  • Lossy vs. loseless
  • Storage media
  • LTO
  • RAID
  • Technological Obsolescence
  • Back-ups
  • Retention of original materials

17
Care and Handling of AV Material
  • Videos
  • Store in a cool, dry, and clean environment
  • Rewind
  • Store in enclosed cases
  • Clearly label case and tape
  • Store on end
  • Limited use
  • Metal shelving
  • CDs and DVDs
  • Store in a dark, clean environment
  • Store in cases
  • Only write on the clear hub of disc to label
  • Store on end
  • Limited use

18
Preservation of Audio-Visual Materials
  • Professional formats
  • DVCAM or DigiBeta
  • Standardize if possible
  • Back ups
  • 2 copies, stored separately
  • Plan ahead

19
Public accessibility of an audio-visual collection
  • Physical organization
  • Shelves designed for your material
  • Intellectual organization
  • Database should fit your needs
  • Digitization
  • Easy to reproduce and distribute
  • Do the best you can within your budget

20
Challenges of A-V archiving
  • Instability of materials
  • Multiple formats
  • Expensive

21
Why keep A-V records?
  • Accuracy of information
  • Accessible to a wider public
  • Nuance and meaning

22
United Nations International Criminal Tribunal
for Rwanda
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