Volleyball Jump Serve

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Volleyball Jump Serve

• Manouchka Compte
• James Finn
• Marcia Beatty
• Sophia Flabouris
• Ngoc Tran
• Wiscdraella Joly
• Kennary Choung

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Background

• Volleyball was invented in Massachusetts in 1895
  by William G. Morgan
• Over 800 million people in about 130 countries
  play volleyball
• Volleyball was entered into the Summer Olympics
  in 1996

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Introduction

• The volleyball serve is the first attacking
  weapon in the modern game of volleyball
• The serve consists of the player throwing the
  ball into the air from the baseline and smashing
  it towards the opponent
• The potency of the serve is mainly due to its
  speed, giving the receiver only 0.5 seconds to
  react.

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Goal

• Goal of the serve is to create enough momentum,
  power, speed and acceleration to transfer maximal
  force to the final wrist snap, strategically
  placing the ball on the opponents side of the
  court away from the players.

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Video
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Animation Video
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Active Muscles
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Kinematics of Volleyball Serve

• Approach
• Position self 3-5 long strides behind end line
• Approach 3 steps 1st step toss ball
• 2nd step jump
• 3rd step spike

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Jump Serve Phases Classified into three phases

• Cocking Phase
• Striking Phase
• Deceleration Phase

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Cocking phase

• 1.This phase deals with preparing the body for an
  explosive force through the appropriate muscles
  and angles necessary in maximizing the potency of
  the serve.
• 2. The arm begins to perform a shoulder abduction
  in the frontal plain (medial deltoid) to about
  90 as well as external rotation (teres minor and
  infraspinatus) while the elbow flexes (bicepss
  brachii) at 90 .
• A. Extreme glenohumeral external rotation occurs,
  while putting a major valgus torque on the ulnar
  collateral ligament.

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Cocking Phase Cont.

• 3. The momentum of the take off as well as the
  cocking phase, leaves the serving arm behind
  causing a passive length tension relationship of
  non-contractive connective tissue.
• 4. At this point the arm is ready to create
  explosive power through its delivering process.

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Striking Phase

• 1.The striking phase consists of an explosive yet
  controlled arm swing using its primary,
  secondary, and synergist muscle groups.
• 2.The actions and their muscle groups are
• a. Shoulder internal rotation
• PM and agonist subscapularis, pectoralis
  major, anterior deltoid and teres major
• Antagonist teres minor, infraspinatous,
  posterior deltoid and latisimus doris
• Stabilizers core

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• b. Horizontal shoulder adduction
• PM and agonist pectoralis major
• Secondary mover and synergist serratus
  
• anterior
• Antagonist latissimus dorsi, rhomboids and
  middle trapezius
• Stabilizers core
• c. Elbow extension
• PM and agonisttriceps brachii
• antagonist biceps brachii
• stabilizers core

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• d. Wrist flexion
• PM and agonist flexor carpis radius and ulnar
  and palmaris longus
• SM flexor digitorums profoundus and
  superficialis and flexor pollicis longus
• Antagonist extensor carpis radius longus,
  brevis and ulnaris
• e. Along with elastic components of the
  connective tissues

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Deceleration Phase

• 1.Purpose is to slow the arm-swing, gain
  stabilization and neutralize the momentum in
  order to prevent injury
• 2.This begins after the ball has been hit
• 3.To slow the momentum of the arm, torque is
  placed on the posterior deltoid and the biceps
  brachii
• 4.The external rotators of the rotator cuff
  muscles are also activated
• a. teres minor
• b. infraspinatous
• 5. Rhomboids and the mid-traps are also activated

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Picture of Deceleration
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Newtons First Law

• The game of volleyball envelops the forces (a
  force causes a change in the motion of an object)
  that exist in nature, which are described in
  Newtons Laws.  Newtons First Law says An
  object at rest remains at rest and an object in
  motion continues in motion  with constant
  velocity unless it experiences a net external
  force.  This law is also known as the law of
  inertia.  Examples of this law are seen in many
  different situations on the court.  If the ball
  is falling it will continue falling until it hits
  the ground or is acted upon (passed, set, or hit)
  by another player or force.

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Newtons Second Law

• Newtons Second Law states The acceleration of
  an object is directly proportional to the Force
  and inversely proportional to the mass of the
  object.  This can be seen in the equation Fma. 
  The force a ball is hit with can be found using
  this law.

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Newtons Third Law

• Newtons Third Law explains There is an equal
  and opposite reaction for every action.  A force
  acting on a body is the result of its interaction
  with another body, so forces always come in
  pairs.  In this case, action and reaction are the
  two opposite forces, or the action-reaction
  pair.  The force of the volleyball hitting the
  hand of the server would be considered the
  action the force of the passer on the ball would
  be the reaction.  This law explains the mechanism
  of how one would pass a ball.

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Work

• Whenever a force causes displacement to an object
  it is called work.  The volleyball serve being
  displaced would then be considered work. The
  equation that defines work is WFd.  An angle
  between the force and the direction of
  displacement (theta) makes the equation
  WFd(cos(theta)).

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Power

• Power is very important in volleyball.  Maximum
  power is desired to have the most force behind a
  hit or serve.  Power is the time rate at which
  work is done.  When pairing this with the
  concepts of energy, the arm swing comes to mind. 
  The faster the arm swing, the more power there is
  behind the ball.  This supports the definition of
  power.  There are also many different areas where
  power is used in the sport, however the most
  obvious is hitting. 

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Momentum

• Momentum can be described by the equation pmv. 
  The direction of the momentum will match the
  direction of its velocity.  A middle hitter will
  have more momentum than a defensive specialist. 
  This is because one, she is probably bigger, and
  two, she is required to move at much higher
  speeds than a defensive specialist.  From the
  momentum-impulse theorem, momentum is equal to
  the force exerted on the ball multiplied by the
  time the force is exerted.  Therefore, the
  shorter amount of time the players hand is in
  contact with the ball, the greater the force
  applied to the ball will be.  The momentum from
  the approach is already great, so the force will
  be great if the time is short.  This is also
  evidence to support why the arm swing should be
  fast.  It will lessen the amount of time that the
  hand is in contact with the ball.

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Acceleration

• Average acceleration is the rate of the change
  of velocity. It is measured in m/s2. In a game,
  acceleration can be used to find the speed of a
  player whose velocity changes while they are
  playing. Average acceleration has both direction
  and magnitude. This means that a server can move
  in a specific direction but also either speed up
  or slow down. This sets up for effective serve
  placement.

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Velocity

• Velocity is displacement in a given time.
• Velocity is speed in a given direction.
• Velocity is an example of how fast the volleyball
  moves from the server to the target.  The
  equation is Velocity distance/time

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Internal Forces

• Forces or torques that are within the studied
  object (i.e. human body, or the object being
  manipulated)
• Can cause movement of the body segments at a
  joint but cannot produce change in the motion of
  a bodys center of mass
• Subscapularis and Pectoralis major are
  substantial internal forces within the internal
  rotation of the shoulder

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External Forces

• Forces that act on an object as a result of its
  interaction with the environment surrounding it
• Most external forces are contact forces,
  requiring interaction with another object
• Some external forces are non-contact forces
  including gravitational, magnetic and electrical
  forces
• External forces of the jump serve is the contact
  of the ball and the hand at the striking phase

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Torque

• Torque is the product of force and its moment
  arm. It can be considered as a rotary equivalent
  to a force. There are two kinds of torque
• The internal torque is the product of the
  internal force multiplied by the internal moment
  arm. It has the potential to rotate the forearm
  in a counterclockwise direction.
• The external torque is the product of the
  external force (gravity) and the external moment
  arm. It has the potential to rotate the forearm
  in a clockwise direction (Neumann, 16).

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Torque cont.

• Volleyball players uses torque to spike the ball
  across the court. With their shoulders (the axis
  of rotation), they lift up their arm and produces
  a torque at the elbow to hit the ball in the jump
  serve.

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Mass Moment of Inertia

• The Mass Moment of Inertia is the resistance to
  change in a bodys angular velocity. It is
  dependent on both the objects mass and on the
  distribution of mass about its axis of rotation.
• Its relation to the serve of a volleyball, during
  the cocking phase, the biceps brachii elongates
  to increase the mass moment of inertia by
  increasing the force to accelerate the arm
  forward, to spike the ball.

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Moment of Inertia
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Radius of Gyration

• The Radius of Gyration is the average distance
  between the axis of rotation and the center of
  mass of a body.
• In the volleyball jump serve, the radius of
  gyration is between the shoulders and at a point
  anterior to the sacrum.

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Volleyball Injuries

• Most commonly related/due to
• Blocking
• Spiking
• Serving
• Passing
• Setting

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Types of Injuries

• Acute (temporary)
• Ankle sprains
• Thumb finger sprain
• Tear of the meniscus in the knee
• Rotator cuff strain
• Patellar femoral syndrome

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Overuse Injuries of Shoulder Knee

• Shoulder Tendonitis rotator cuff and tendonitis
  of biceps
• Symptoms include pain in the shoulder
• Patellar Tendonitis known as jumpers knee
• Symptoms include pain at the lower portion of
  the patella
• Inflammation at the bone tendon joint junction

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Treatment Prevention

• Stretching of the quadriceps and hamstrings
• Those that are at higher risk are those that have
  a higher vertical jump and should decrease jump
  training to prevent damage
• Integrated training program that involves proper
  flexibility, neuromuscular training, and
  addresses muscle imbalances
• Application of ice to area
• Anti inflammatory medication
• Prevention includes stretching of the scapular
  and gnunonumeral muscles

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Shoulder Pictures
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Questions

• What are the two main injuries for volleyball
  players?
• Shoulder Tendonitis and Patella Tendonitis
• Ankle Spain and Shoulder Tendonitis
• Torn ACL and Ankle Spain
• Lower Back Pain and Torn Quadriceps
• True or false The external rotators of the
  rotator cuff muscles in the deceleration phase
  are teres minor and infraspinatous.
• True or false The core is the major stabilizer
  for the spike part of the serve?

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Questions cont.

• What are some of the primary movers of the spike
  phase?
• Erector spinae, hamstrings and biceps
• Gastrocnemius, quadricep, trapezius
• Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and tricep
• All of the above
• What action does the elbow perform during the
  spike phase?
• Elbow Flexion
• Elbow Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
• None of the above

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Reference

• Jump Serve Video
• http//www.volleyballfiles.com/serving.htm
• Tj's Physics of Volleyball      
• http//www.mrfizzix.com/
• Moellendorf, Suzanne.  The Physics of
  Volleyball.  1999. 
• Sports Injuries to the Shoulder
  http//www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/sess
  ion2/group45/shoulder.htm 
• Functional Exercise for the Volleyball Player
• http//www.dolfzine.com/page603.htm
• Animation Video
• http//concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-71170
•  

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References

• 3D Kinematic Analysis of the Volleyball Jump
  Serve
• http//www.coachesinfo.com/article/229/
• Neumann, D.A. (2002). Kinesiology of the
  Musculoskeletal System. St. Louis, Missouri.
  Mosby.