International Training Workshop on Groundwater Modelling for Arid and SemiArid Areas

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• International Training Workshop on Groundwater
  Modelling for Arid and Semi-Arid Areas
• G-WADI Asia Meeting

Sustainable Groundwater Management in
Balochistan Province of Pakistan A Case Study
Dr Muhammad Akram Kahlown and Dr Ashfaq Ahmed
Sheikh Pakistan Council of Research in Water
Resources Ministry of Science and
Technology 11-17 June 2007
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Lanzhou, China 11-17 June 07
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CURRENT SITUATION

• In arid and semi-arid areas, the problems of
  water scarcity are exacerbated by population
  growth, expansion of agricultural activities,
  induced salinity and agricultural/urban pollution
• Pakistan has mainly arid to semi-arid climate
• Rainfall ranges from 125 mm in the extreme
  southern plains to 1500 to 1900 mm in the
  mountains and northern plains
• More than 85 of the area receives rainfall less
  than 250 mm
• About 70 per cent of total rainfall in monsoon
  and remaining during winter

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CURRENT SITUATION
5260
160 Million (2007)
WATER AVAILABILITY (MAF) POPULATION (Million)
1080 m3 (2007)
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BALOCHISTAN

• Balochistan province is unique in its
  geo-political position in Pakistan south-western
  part (44 area)
• An arid mountainous region receiving an average
  annual rainfall of about 200 mm

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BALOCHISTAN

• Groundwater is the main dependable source of
  water as most of the streams are ephemeral
• Rainwater in small to large streams/rivers plays
  a major role in groundwater development and arid
  agriculture

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BALOCHISTAN

• Due to scarcity of water, out of 186,000 km2
  culturable land, less than 50 area is under
  cultivation
• The province suffered due to inefficient use of
  its resources water, bio-diversity, rangelands,
  forest and soils

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GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

• Growing population is increasing water demand and
  reduced rainfall increased groundwater
  utilization.

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RIVER BASINS

• There are fourteen major basins in the province

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GROUNDWATER BALANCE
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PILOT BASINS
Pishin Lora
Hamun-e-Mushkel
Mula
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ASSESSMENT CASE

• The case study focused on assessment of status of
  groundwater utilization, present potential,
  responsible factors and future scenario
• Data collection through monitoring and field
  activities
• Secondary data from relevant agencies WAPDA,
  Irrigation and Power Department, Agriculture
  Department, Population Census, etc.
• Further strategic and research activities

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Case Study 1 Pishi-Lora Basin
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Pishin-Lora Basin
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Groundwater Monitoring
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Groundwater Decline
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Water Balance in the Basin
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Water Demand and Utilization

• Water is supplied through tubewells, hand pumps,
  wells, karezes and springs

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Agriculture Water Utilization

• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables
• Major crops wheat, sunflower, fodder
• Major fruits apple, apricot, almond, grapes,
  peach, plum, cherry, pomegranate, pistachio etc.

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Agriculture Water Utilization
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Water Quality
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Main Observations

• High rate of electrical tubewells installation
  due to flat charge rates and led to
  indiscriminate and inefficient use of groundwater
• Most agriculture by traditional irrigation
  techniques (flooding)
• Most tubewells either abandoned or further
  drilling done to pump water
• Situation led to drying of most fruit orchards
• Groundwater extraction beyond sustainable limit

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Case Study 2 Mula Basin
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Mula Basin
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Water Demand and Utilization

• Water is supplied through tubewells, hand pumps,
  wells, karezes and springs
• No monitoring groundwater network

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Agriculture Water Utilization

• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables
• Major crops wheat, barley, cumin, fodder
• Major fruits apple, peach, plum, apricot

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Agriculture Water Utilization
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Water Quality
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Main Observations

• High rate of electrical tubewells installation
  due to flat charge rates and led to
  indiscriminate and inefficient use of groundwater
• Most agriculture by traditional irrigation
  techniques (flooding)
• No permanent monitoring network
• Sufficient groundwater potential available as
  balance is 14 MCM, out of 23 MCM.

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Case Study 3 Hamun-e-Mushkel
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Hamun-e-Mushkel Basin
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Water Demand and Utilization

• Water is supplied through tubewells, hand pumps,
  wells, karezes and springs
• Groundwater monitoring non-existent

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Agriculture Water Utilization

• Basin is good for crops, fruits and vegetables
• Major crops/vegetables wheat, fodder, onion,
  potato
• Major fruits apricot, pomegranate, dates, melon

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Agriculture Water Utilization
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Water Quality
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Main Observations

• High rate of diesel tubewells installation due to
  scanty population in desert area
• Most agriculture by traditional irrigation
  techniques (flooding)
• No permanent monitoring network
• Sufficient groundwater potential available as
  balance is 56 MCM, out of 61 MCM
• The quality of groundwater and sparse population
  density have been limiting factors for
  development.

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Overall Water Balance in Balochistan
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RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

• Enforcement of a water management authority
  including community members to coordinate water
  resources planning/ development
• Long term sustainable resource management
  strategy including reduced groundwater
  utilization development of new surface supplies
  involving storage dams, leaky dams for recharge
  reduction in demand from some sectors notably
  agriculture through adoption of efficient water
  management techniques.
• In rural areas, establishing a relationship
  between power charges and water consumption for
  agriculture. The present flat rate charges should
  be abolished.
• Future prices of water and electricity should
  reflect the commodities opportunity cost.
• A policy of controlled groundwater mining must be
  acknowledged. A strategy should be established in
  those areas where the aquifer storage can be
  proven sufficient to provide resource until such
  time as sustainable resources may be available.
• Establishment of a regular groundwater monitoring
  network
• An awareness campaign to deliver the message of
  efficient water conservation and management
  techniques for all water users.

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ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSED ESTIMATE FOR PILOT BASINS

US
Total US 127,000
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