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Plant Diversity Chapter 29

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Figure 29.2 Charophyceans: Chara (top), Coleochaete orbicularis (bottom) ... Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss (Layer 1) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Plant Diversity Chapter 29


1
Plant Diversity Chapter 29
  • What are the categories of Plants that exist?

2
Figure 29.1 Some highlights of plant evolution
3
4 major evolutionary trends
  • Move to land
  • Development of vascular tissue
  • Development of seeds
  • Development of flowers

4
Charophyceans and similarity to plants
  • Green algae
  • Most closely related to land plants
  • Have their own Kingdom? Viridiplantae
  • 2 distinguishing features charophyceans and
    plants both have
  • 1. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
  • 2. peroxisome enzymes are the same

5
Figure 29.14 Three clades that are candidates
for designation as the plant kingdom
6
Evidence for connection (see pages 582-583)
  • Homologous chloroplasts
  • Homologous cellulose walls
  • Homologous peroxisomes
  • Phragmoplasts
  • Homologous sperm
  • Key nuclear genes for ribosomal RNA and
    cytoskeletal proteins

7
Figure 29.2 Charophyceans Chara (top),
Coleochaete orbicularis (bottom)
8
Terrestrial adaptations that DIFFER from
plants.578-582
  • charophyceans do NOT have
  • -Apical meristems
  • -Multicellular, dependent embryos
  • -Alternation of generations
  • -Walled spores produced in multicellular
    sporangia protected by sporopollenin (for air
    dispersal)
  • -multicellular gametangia

9
Figure 29.3 Apical meristems of plant shoots and
roots
10
Figure 29.4 Embryos of land plants Marchantia
(left), Shepherd's purse (right)
11
4 main groups of land plants
  • Bryophytes mosses
  • Pteridophytes ferns
  • Gymnosperms conifers
  • Angiosperms flowering plants

12
Kingdom Plantae
Non-vascular Plants (Bryophytes) (no transport
tissues present)
Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes) (have vascular
tissue)
Seedless Plants (Pteridophytes)
Seed Plants
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Gymnosperms
Monocots
Dicots
13
Figure 22-7 The Diversity of Plants
Section 22-1
Cone-bearing plants760 species
Floweringplants235,000 species
Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species
Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species
Go to Section
14
Table 29.1 Ten Phyla of Extant Plants
15
Nonvascular Plants -- Bryophytes
  • Simplest of plants
  • Most have no vascular (transport) tissues no
    true stems, leaves, or roots
  • Stay small and close to ground need to be near
    water to survive (absorption and reproduction)
  • Have alternation of generation present for
    reproduction sporophytes (produce spores) and
    gametophytes (produce gametes)
  • Offpsring develop from multicellular embryos that
    remain attached to mother plant
  • Ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

16
Figure 29.6 Alternation of generations a
generalized scheme
17
The Structure of a Moss
Section 22-2
Rhizoid
Go to Section
18
Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a
moss (Layer 1)
19
Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a
moss (Layer 2)
20
Figure 29.16 The life cycle of Polytrichum, a
moss (Layer 3)
21
Figure 29.16x Moss life cycle
22
Figure 29.18 A moss sporangium with a
spore-shaker tip
23
Figure 29.15 Bryophytes
24
Figure 29.15x1 Hornwort
25
Vascular Plants -- Tracheophytes
  • Most commom and widespread of land plants
  • Have true vascular tissues -- xylem and phloem
    -- that allow true organs to develop roots,
    stems, leaves
  • Xylem carries water and minerals in a plant
  • Phloem carries nutrients in a plant
  • Two categories seedless and seed plants

26
Figure 29.11 Xylem and phloem in the stem of
Polypodium, a fern (a pteridophyte)
27
Seedless vascular plants
  • Ex. Ferns
  • Since dont have seeds, need LOTS of water for
    fertilization USE SPORES TO REPRODUCE FOR
    MAJORITY OF LIFE gametes are used only for a
    short period of time
  • Display alternation of generations part of time
    is asexual (uses spores), part is sexual (uses
    gametes)

28
Pteridophyta
  • 2 Phyla
  • Lycophyta lycophytes have small leaves
    (microphylls) with only a single unbranched vein
  • Pterophyta ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails

29
Figure 29.22 Hypotheses for the evolution of
leaves
30
Figure 29.21x1 Lycophyte
31
Figure 29.0 Ferns
32
Figure 29.21 Pteridophytes club "moss" (top
left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom
left), fern (bottom right)
33
Figure 29.21x2 Horsetail
34
Figure 29.23 The life cycle of a fern
35
Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf
specialized for spore production
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