Ottoman Empire

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Ottoman Empire

• The Modern Era
• (1750-1914)

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The acorn says

• Compare reaction to foreign interference in the
  Ottoman Empire (and China, India, SE Asia,
  Japan)
• Muhammad Ali
• Suez Canal

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Remember the Ottomans?

• Conquered Constantinople in 1453 Istanbul
• Golden Age under Suleyman Magnificent in mid
  16th c.
• Gunpowder empire Janissaries
• Blend Byzantine, Arab, Persian styles
• Dominate overland trade routes

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Ottoman Empire at beginning of Modern Era
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Ottoman Decline (18th 19th c.) --the Sick
Man of Europe

• Government corruption, ineptitude, series of
  assassinations
• Competition from European products usurpation
  of trade routes by Europeans led to economic
  decline
• Intellectual stagnation

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Challenges to the Ottoman Empire

• The West In 1798, Napoleon invaded the Muslim
  heartland of Egypt quickly conquered weak
  Ottoman Egyptian forces. He was only expelled
  because of British aid/alliance.
• Decentralization As the empire decayed,
  regional forces from within the Empire began to
  emerge.
• Inspired by Enlightenment ideas nationalistic
  fervor, Christian regions of the Balkans rebelled
  with European encouragement achieved
  independence.
• Muhammad Ali strengthens separates Egypt

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Greek War for Independence 1821-1832
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Crimean War 1854-1856

• Otto, FR, Brit v. Russia
• Origins Russian expansionism conflict over
  holy lands
• Changing Warfare used railways telegraphs and
  female nurses
• Ended with agreement to respect Ottomans
  independence territorial integrity --keep The
  sick man of Europe around to preserve the
  balance of power

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Muhammad Ali Father of Modern Egypt

• Ottoman sultan appointed him as governor (pasha)
  over Egypt in 1805.
• Instituted LOTS of reforms
• Land reform
• Tax system
• Euro-style bureaucracy
• Agricultural improvements led to LOTS of cotton
  production --Egypt became one of worlds largest
  cotton producers
• Modern printing press education systems
• Military reformed along Euro lines
• Even tried to overthrow Ottomans but prevented
  by French British --why would the French
  British care/interfere???

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British take over Egypt

• When Muhammad Ali died in 1848, Egypt was
• most powerful state in Mid East, but it
  quickly declined.
• Completion of Suez Canal in 1869 made Egypt of
  vital strategic importance to the British as a
  link to their colonies in India, Africa, E SE
  Asia.
• Modernization (including the canal) was expensive
  Egypt had a LOT of foreign debt.
• After the US Civil War when world cotton market
  collapsed from overproduction, Egypt couldnt pay
  its international debts.
• So, Britain took control of state finances
  the Suez Canal. After putting down the Mahdist
  nationalist uprising in Sudan (which Egypt
  controlled), Britain made Egypt a protectorate in
  1882.

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The Suez Canal gives the lions share to the
British with the key to India
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Ottoman Attempts at Reform

• Ottomans realized they needed to make drastic
  reforms by mid 19th c.
• Tanzimat (reorganization) Reforms various
  attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, to
  secure its territorial integrity against
  nationalist movements and aggressive powers.
  These reforms included establishing established
  Western-style universities, a state postal
  system, railways, extensive legal reforms, and
  even resulted in creation of new constitution in
  1876.
• The reforms also encouraged Ottomanism among the
  diverse ethnic groups, attempting to limit
  growing nationalist movements within the Ottoman
  Empire. The reforms attempted to integrate
  non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into
  Ottoman society by enhancing their civil
  liberties and granting equality. EXCEPT for
  Armenians who were treated as scapegoats were
  increasingly attacked by the Ottomans.
• Sent military officers to Western Europe to learn
  military system, but also learned languages
  were exposed to western culture ideas about
  govt, democracy, religion, social order.
• Implemented agricultural reforms modernized
  medicine which led to population increase,
  resulting in little real improvement in standard
  of living ?

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An Ottoman Resurgence?
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Varied Reaction to European Domination

• Westernization copy the social, political,
  economic, military structure of West. Usually
  these reforms affected only educated elites
  political change was superficial.
• Nationalism which kind do you think?? which
  led to attacks on religious ethnic minorities
  who had been living in relative peace for
  centuries.
• Resistance some hated Euro political economic
  domination that often accompanied reform lots of
  anti-Western riots wars with European countries
• Islamic Fundamentalism especially in Sudan as
  led by Mahdi in 1881.

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Demise of the Ottoman Empire

• By the end of the 19th c, only the Ottomans
  remained as an important independent Muslim state
  but it was really weak.
• Reforms were too little, too late
• In early 20th c, group of liberals known as Young
  Turks deposed the autocratic ruler instituted
  more reforms. But they ended up supporting
  Germany Austria-Hungary in WWI, after the war
  the empire was broken up occupied by foreign
  powers.
• From its ruins, a new Islamic state, the Republic
  of Turkey rose.

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The Ottoman Empire in 1914
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