Basics of Soybean Production for Maine

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Basics of Soybean Production for Maine

• Tim Griffin
• Sustainable Ag Specialist

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(No Transcript)
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Factors Driving Interest

• Local protein source for animals
• Human consumption (export)
• Alternative potato rotation crop
• Replacing small grains?
• Lengthening rotations?
• Moderate profit potential
• New, short-season varieties

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General Information

• Annual legume that fixes N
• Poor tolerance of acid soils
• Recently developed varieties can reach maturity
  in Northeast
• Little things make big difference

"Management Points"
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Management Points

• Variety selection
• Site Selection
• Soil drainage
• Soil pH
• Fertility
• Seeding practices
• Weed control
• Harvest and processing

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Soybean Maturity Classes

• 13 maturity classes
• 000, 00, 0, and 1-10 (10 is longest)
• 000 - 1 adapted to Maine
• To start, pick the shortest season varieties
• 000 and 00 in Aroostook County
• 0 to 1 in central/southern Maine

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Soybean Yields 1997

• Variety Maturity Orono Presque Isle
• ---------- bu/acre ---------
• Aquilon 00 35 31
• APK007 0.7 40 33
• APK020 0 34 33
• Bravor 0.5 30 25
• Korada 0.2 41 22
• Lambert 0.8 35 36
• Pioneer 9007 00 36 30
• Pioneer 9071 0 44 33
• Pioneer 9092 0 42 33
• Pioneer 9132 1 41 34
• Stine 380 1 45 31
• Ugo ----- 34

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Soybean Yields 1998
Variety Maturity Orono Presque
Isle --------- bu/acre ----------- Alta
00 26 23 Aquilon 00 43 25 APK020
0.2 61 28 Korada
0.2 35 21 Optimus 00.5 40 24 Pioneer
9007 00 42 26 Pioneer 9041
0 57 21 Pioneer 9071 0 52 21 Pioneer
9132 0 59 29 Pioneer 9163
1 64 22 PR9755 00.9 56 25 Yamaska
00.8 46 21 Vision 000 29 ---
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Mature Beans
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Maturing Beans
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Soil Factors Drainage

• On poorly drained soils
• Reduced N fixation
• Increased disease potential
• Delayed planting
• Harvest problems
• On sandy - gravelly soils
• Drought stress during pod fill a problem
• Find well drained sites

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Soil Factors pH

• Recommended range 6.5-7.0
• Could grow down to 6.0-6.2
• On acid soils
• Reduced N fixation from Al toxicity
• Reduced nutrient availability
• Soybean, like most legumes, are quite sensitive
  to low pH

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pH Affect on Yield
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Soil Factors Fertility

• Moderate nutrient removal
• 40 lb P2O5/a
• 80 lb K2O/a
• Even though nutrient use is moderate, still
  responds to P and K on low soil-test sites
• Poor performance on low fertility fields

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Planting Spacing

• Can be planted several ways
• Wide rows 30-36 inches
• Narrow rows 5-15 inches
• Narrow rows
• Faster ground cover helps weed control
• Can use grain drill or air planter (need
  different plates with corn planter)

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Planting Spacing
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Planting Rate

• Rate depends on spacing
• Narrow row 200 - 225,000/a
• Wide row 150 - 175,000/a
• Significant differences in seed size
• Plant by number, not weight

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Planting Dates

• Yield reduction with delayed planting, but not as
  severe as with corn
• In our short season, timely planting is important
  to reach maturity, but
• Plant into warm soil in right conditions - Beans
  dont tolerate crusting or compaction

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Early June Planting -Worked
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May Planting - Didnt Work
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Planting Doing it Right

• Know seed delivery rate
• Inoculate with Rhizobia
• Slightly dampen seed
• First time beans - triple inoculant rate
• Well-prepared seedbed critical
• Assure good seed-to-soil contact
• Control planting depth

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Planting Doing It Right

• Plant 1 - 1.5 inches deep
• Pack after planting
• Press wheels on planter
• Cultipacker
• Easier harvest operation

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A Good Seeding
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Weed Control

• Early tillage possible
• Timed at weed emergence
• Lely-type cultivator
• Rotary hoe

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Plant Competition

• Slow early growth
• Planted May 14, Picture June 15

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Soybean Grass Herbicides

• PreEmergence
• Dual, Dual II, and Dual II - Magnum
• Frontier, Harness, Microtech, Lasso
• Combinations (BSD)
• PostEmergence
• Poast, Poast plus, Assure II
• non-selective Liberty, Touchdown, Roundup

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Soybean Broadleaf Herbicides

• PreEmergence
• Lorox, Sencor/Lexone, Prowl
• Python (Broadstrike)
• PostEmergence
• Banvel, Clarity, Basagran,
• Pursuit, Classic, Select, Reflex
• Pinnacle, Python, Resource

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Broadstrike Dual - Dry Conditions
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Harvest

• Pods 2-4 from soil
• low populations have lower pods
• Remember packing after planting?
• Losses in front of combine
• Average harvest loss in 1997 was 11 bu/acre
• Stored soybeans at 14 or less

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Anti-Quality Factors

• Urease enzyme (urea to ammonia)
• Lipase enzyme (rancidity)
• Trypsin inhibitor
• High soluble N content

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Feeding Raw Soybeans

• Limit grinding to 1 week supply
• No urea in ration
• Limit to 3-4 lb/head/day
• Ration balancing can be difficult because of
  soluble N and anti-quality factors

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Roasting Temperature
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Roasting Time (140C)
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Roasting

• Increase feeding level 8 lb/hd/day
• Economics
• Cost 30-40/ton
• Increased price by 70-100/ton
• Difference added value by roasting
• Optimum temp 275-300F
• Steeping increases uniformity
• Storable if not ground

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Results of Roasting

• Reduces urease and lipase
• Reduces trypsin inhibitor
• Increases bypass protein
• Fat level not affected

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Management Points

• Site Selection
• Soil drainage
• Soil pH
• Variety selection
• Fertility and pH
• Seeding practices
• Harvest and processing