Cancer

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Cancer

• Neoplasia

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Definitions

• 1. Cancer-A cellular tumor the natural course of
  which is fatal and usually associated with the
  formation of secondary tumors.
• 2. Carcinoma-A malignant new growth made up of
  epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the
  surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases.
• 3. Sarcoma-A tumor made up of a substance like
  the embryonic connective tissue. Sarcomas are
  often highly malignant.
• 4. Neoplasm-Any new and abnormal growth such as
  a tumor
• 5. Tumor-A mass of new tissue which persists and
  grows independently of its surrounding structures

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Thomas HodgkinHodgkins Disease
Described the disease in human patients In 1832.
A lymphoma with orderly spread From one lymph
node to another
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Lymphoma

• Lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma) is the most common
  hematoietic tumor of dogs and cats. It is a
  proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells
  affecting primarily the lymph nodes or solid
  visceral organs, such as the liver or spleen
• In dogs it accounts for 5-7 of all tumors
• In cats it is the most common cancer with 90 of
  the cases Felv

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LymphomaSymptoms

• 1. Generalized Lymphadenopathy (dog)
• 2. Alimentary Involvement (cat)
• 3. Anterior Mediastinal
• 4. Cutaneous
• 5. Ocular involvement in dogs (20-25)
• 6. Involvement of the spleen, liver and bone
  marrow are also common

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Canine LymphomaEnlarged Lymph node
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LymphomaCanine
Enlarged Submandibular Lymph Nodes
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LymphomaDiagnosis

• 1. Fine Needle Aspirate
• 2. Lymph Node Biopsy
• 3. Radiology for GI and Mediastinal forms
• 4. CBC (anemia or possible Leukemia)
• 5. Blood Chemistry panel (hypercalcemia is
  possible with Mediastinal form)

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LymphomaLymphosarcoma
Giant Cells Multiple Nucleoli Primitive
appearing Cells in the Blood or Peripheral Organs
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LymphomaEtiology

• Cats-Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline
  Immunodeficiency virus Retroviral Infections.
• Dogs-Unknown

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LymphomaCanine

• Canine Multicentric Lymphoma-
• Middle-aged to older dogs
• Most are not clinically ill when detected
• Generalized Lymph node Enlargement
• generalized Lymphadenopathy
• Mediastinal form can be associated with
• hypercalcemia

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Lymphoma TreatmentDogs and Cats

• Clinical Staging by a pathologist is recommended
  to guide therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Multiple drug therapy is recommended
• Immunotherapy is showing promise
• Malignant Lymphoma is a very responsive cancer to
  treat in the dog.
• Nearly 90 of dogs on chemotherapy get remission.
  Most dogs live 6-10 months symptom free.
  Untreated dogs live only 1.5-2 months without
  treatment.

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LymphomaTreatment
Immunosuppressive doses Of glucocorticoids can
be Used for lymphoma Tx Single agent
chemotherapy Is inferior to multiple
drug Therapy Lymphomas usually mutate And
become drug resistant With time
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Cutaneous Tumors

• The Skin is the most common site for neoplasms in
  the dog and the second most common site in the
  cat.
• 20-30 of skin tumors are histologically
  malignant

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Mastocytoma

• Important, frequent neoplasia of the canine
  dermis
• Considered the most common skin tumor in the dog
• Mast Cell Tumors contain histamine and heparin.
  Owners frequently report the tumors grow and
  shrink repeatedly. This is due to local swelling
  from histamine release from the tumor.
• Mast cell tumors, even low grade ones, grow with
  long fingerlike projections. Margins of 3cm are
  needed for clean excision. Depth needs to be at
  least one tissue plane beyond the mass

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Mast Cell
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Mast Cells
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MastocytomaDiagnosis

• 1. Fine needle Aspiration
• 2. Biopsy with histopathology for staging
• and grading of the tumor cells

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MastocytomaTreatment Options

• 1. Surgery for grade 1 2 Wide margins are
  needed her. Cut early and aggressively
• 2. Radiation therapy. Mast Cell tumors are very
  radiosensitive
• 3. Surgery and chemotherapy for grade 3
• 4. Antihistames pre-operatively or for life with
  non-resectable masses

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Mastocytoma Treatment
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Osteosarcoma

• Osteosarcoma of the limbs is more common in dogs
  than in any other species and accounts for more
  than 80 of malignant bone tumors in dogs.
• The tumor arises from the medullary cavity of the
  bone and expands outward. This destroys the
  cortex of the bone and periosteum.
• Giant Breed and Large Breed dogs are more likely
  to develop the tumor than dogs weighing less than
  10 kg

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OsteosarcomaSymptoms

• Lameness, often intermittent early in the course
  of the disease
• Swelling
• /- pathological fractures
• Symptoms develop rapidly within one to three
  months

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OsteosarcomaDiagnosis

• 1. Radiographs
• Chest
• Limb
• 2. Histopathology
• Differential diagnosis fungal bone disease and
  osteomyletitis

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OsteosarcomaTreatment

• 1. Amputation
• 2. Chemotherapy
• 3. Palliative Drugs
• Rimadyl (Carprofen)
• Hydrocodeine

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Osteosarcoma

• Canine appendicular osteosarcoma is a highly
  metastatic neoplasm. While less than 10 of the
  dogs have visible pulmonary metastasis at the
  time of diagnosis, 90 die of pulmonary
  metastatic disease within one year when only
  amputation is used

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