Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Optics Section, Code 7333, Stennis Space Center, MS 395295004, USA,

1
Relationship between backscattering and beam
scattering coefficients derived from new
measurements of light scattering phase functions
Vladimir I. Haltrin, Michael E. Lee, Eugeny B.
Shybanov, Robert A. Arnone, Alan D.
Weidemann, Victor I. Mankovsky, W. Scott
Pegau, and Sherwin D. Ladner

• Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Optics Section,
  Code 7333, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004,
  USA,
• e-mail haltrin_at_nrlssc.navy.mil, webpage
  http//calcium.nrlssc.navy.mil
• Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian
  Academy of Sciences,
• 2 Kapitanskaya Street, Sevastopol, Crimea, 99011,
  Ukraine, e-mail lee_at_alpha.mhi.iuf.net
• Oregon State University, 104 Ocean Admin Bldg,
  Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, e-mail
  spegau_at_coas.oregonstate.edu
• Planning Systems Inc., MSAAP Bldg. 9121, Stennis
  Space Center, MS 39529, USA, e-mail
  ladner_at_nrlssc.navy.mil

Ocean Optics XVI November 18-22, 2002, Santa
Fe, New Mexico, USA
Who measured phase functions in the last 40 years?
Introduction
1. T. J. Petzold, Scripps Institute of
Oceanography, California, USA 15 phase functions
published.
Universal relationship between bB and b
2. O. V. Kopelevich, Shirshov Insitute of
Oceanology, Moscow, USSR no tables published.
Processing of optical remote sensing
information requires a knowledge of dependence
between backscattering and beam scattering
coefficients. Until recently this dependency was
primarily derived from 15 angular scattering
coefficients measured more than 30 years ago by
Petzold. A few years ago a new probe to measure
an angular scattering coefficient of natural
waters was developed and built in Marine
Hydrophysical Institute in Sevastopol, Crimea.
Since 2000 his device was employed in several
LEO-15 expeditions near the coast of New Jersey,
and in May 2002 expedition in northern Gulf of
Mexico. The results of these measurements
show that coastal waters could be divided into
two distinct types one - similar to the waters
of Petzold experiment near the California coast,
and another one - biologically more pure type
that was experimentally detected during LEO-15
experiment in 2001. This presentation analyzes
more than 800 high-resolution angular scattering
coefficients measured during the 2001 experiment.
The main difference between Petzold-type coastal
waters and biologically pure waters is
characterized by the dependence between
backscattering and beam scattering coefficients.
The backscattering probability, or ratio of these
coefficients, for the biologically pure coastal
waters is several times smaller than the
backscattering probability for the Petzold-type
waters. This result is very important for
algorithms to process optical information
measured from satellites and aircrafts. This
presentation proposes and several regressions
between major inherent optical properties that
may be useful for the enhancement of remote
sensing algorithms and for modeling of optical
properties of coastal seawater.
3. V. I. Mankovsky, Marine Hydrophysical
Institute, USSR, now Ukraine (2 tables with 41
phase functions measured all over the World
Ocean were published in 2000).
4. Michael Lee, Marine Hydrophysical Institute,
Sevastopol, Ukraine during 200-2002 about 1000
high-resolution phase functions were measured
in waters near the New Jersey coast and in Gulf
of Mexico. These measurements were funded by
ONR and NRL.
This is a view of Marine Hydrophysical Institute,
Sevastopol, Crimea. It was founded in 1930-ies in
Moscow by academician Shuleikin and moved in 1962
to Sevastopol, Crimea. The bulk of known phase
functions were mesured with devices built in the
optics department of this Institute (V. I.
Mankovsky, M. E. Lee).
The legacy of this optics department goes back to
the optics laboratory of the State Optical
Institute, St. Petersburg (Leningrad) Russia,
that was founded in early 30-ies of 19th century
by A. A. Gershun.
Based on 1000 measurements of light scattering
phase functions
r2 0.7
These results are not included on CD-ROM
What are attenuation and scattering coefficients,
and phase function of scattering?
- They are inputs to the following radiation of
transfer equation
c - attenuation coefficient b - scattering
coefficient p - phase function of scattering
Acknowledgments
What are probability of backscattering and
backscattering coefficient?
The authors from the Naval Research Laboratory
(NRL) thank continuing support at the NRL,
Stennis Space Center, through the Volume
Scattering Functions Program 736641-02-5. This
work represents a NRL contribution PP/733002-0058
Where backscattering probability and
backscattering coefficients appear?
Regressions between bB and b

• In approximate solutions of radiative transfer
  equation for
• irradiances, pulse propagation, visibility. For
  example

Based on Petzold and Mankovsky (56 Phase
functions)
bB - backscattering coefficient B
bB / b - backscattering probability
Diffuse Reflection Coefficient
Based on Petzold , Mankovsky, and LEO15 (2000)
(116 Phase functions)
Based on LEO15 (2001) (gt800 phase functions) BS
waters
Remote Sensing Reflectance