Fruiting of the Papaya. Fruit hang along trunk. Flower in leaf axils. Most are ... Type II or Pentandria Flower. Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
UH Rainbow Papaya. A High-Quality Hybrid with Genetically Engineered Disease Resistance.
CTAHR NPH-1
Kempler and Kabaluk. 1996.
Babaco (Carica pentagona Heilb.) A possible crop for the greenhouse.
HortScience 31785-788.
3 - Tall - Herbaceous - Short-lived - Large leaves - Flower in leaf axils - Seed propagated 4 - Up to 10 lb. - Seed in cavity - Yellow orange pink or red flesh - High vitamin A C and potassium 5 Proteolytic enzyme extracted from latex - Meat tenderizer - Cosmetics - Leather industry - Medicinal uses 6 Carica
20 species
papaya
Lowland cultivated spp
Not found outside cultivation
Perhaps hybrid form
Only polygamous spp
Most important commercially
7 Other Cultivated Carica
Highland species
Common in upland Valleys of Ecuador and Colombia
Taste different less sweet
Soups stews sweets fresh
Genes for breeding (cold/disease resistance)
8 Other cultivated Carica
Hybrid types - Babaco
Most commercially advanced
Seedless - parthenocarpic
Large fruit
Fresh or stewed
Vegetatively propagated
9 Origin of Papaya In Pacific Islands by 1800 Taken into Asia tropics in the 1600s 10 Origin of Carica papaya
Tropical America
Southern Mexico
West Indies
Other spp Mexico - Argentina
Spread via seed
1600s in Asian tropics
By 1800 common in Pacific
11 Papaya Production in the World Three-fold increase since 1965 FAOSTAT database 1965 - 2000 12 3 fold increase 13 Papaya per Capita Production in the World FAOSTAT database 1965-2000 14 World Production of Papaya FAOSTAT database 2000-2002 15 World Production of Papaya FAOSTAT database 2000-2002 16 World Yields of Papaya FAOSTAT database 2000-2002 17 USA Production
Most in Hawaii
Produce 23000 MT
Most exported to mainland USA Canada and Japan
Production decrease since 1989 due to Papaya ringspot
18 Fruiting of the Papaya
Fruit hang along trunk
Flower in leaf axils
Most are dioecious
Some are hermaphroditic or perfect flowered
Five classes of flowers
19 Type I or Pistillate Flower or female flower 20 Female Papaya Flower 21 Type II or Pentandria Flower 22 Type III or Intermediate Flower 23 Type IV or Hermaphroditic Flower or bisexual or perfect flower 24 Hermaphroditic Papaya Flower 25 Type V or Staminate Flower or male flower 26 Male Papaya Flower 27 Importance of Sex
Female
Fruit is an enlarged ovary
Male
Need pollen for pollination
Flower type influences
Thickness of flesh
Fruit shape
28 Inheritance of Sex
One locus three alleles
M1 male
M2 hermaphrodite or bisexual
m female
Homozygous dominant lethal
M1M1 M1M2 and M2M2 lethal
M1m male M2m bisexual
mm female
29 Seedlings segregate for sex
Need to maximize the number of productive plants
Hermaphroditic varieties maximize hermaphrodites
Dioecious type maximize females
Plant multiple seedlings per space and rogue wrong sex
33 - 1/2 female and 1/2 male 34 Maximize Bearing PlantsDioecious variety
Maximize females
Rogue out males
1 per space 50
2 per space 75
3 per space 87.5
4 per space 93.7
35 Sex Can Change!
Too cool wet and high N
Female
Stamens become carpel like
Too hot dry and low N
Male
Ovaries fail to develop
36 Climatic Restrictions
Optimal temperature 22 - 26 C
Sex expression shifts
Flavor poor if cool
Die if less than -1C
Die if greater than 44C
Long growing season
Susceptible to wind damage
37 Cultural Restrictions
Need direct sunlight
Poor flavor if shaded
Well drained soils
Sensitive to waterlogging
Susceptible to Phytophthora
Sensitive to saline conditions
38 Diseases of Papaya
Papaya ringspot virus
Most important
Limiting factor in many areas of world
Mildew
Anthracnose
Root rot Phytophthora (replant sites)
Nematodes
39 Papaya Ringspot Virus
Vectored by aphids
Leaf mottling and distortion
Reduce growth yield
So severe in Florida that plants are grown as annuals
40 Papaya Ringspot Virus 41 Papaya Ringspot Virus Control via resistant varieties
UH Sunup and UH Rainbow
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organism)
42 Insect Pests
Fruit flies
Webworms
White flies
Thrips
Mites
Fruit spotting bugs
43 Fruit flies Lay eggs in fruit Larva feed in fruit Cause rot Heat treat to kill in fruit 44 Papaya VarietiesTwo Major Types
Hawaiian - Solo types
Hermaphroditic
Smaller fruit about 1 lb
Mexican or fruta bomba
Dioecious
Larger fruit up to 10 lbs
45 Hawaiian VarietiesHermaphroditic Solo types
Common in US markets
Fruit small firm sweet
Plant smaller 8
Sex expression more stable
Series of inbred seed lines developed in Hawaii
Most widely grown is Sunrise variety
46 Mexican Varieties
Locally available in many tropical regions
Much larger fruit
Flavor generally less intense
Frequently dioecious
Not as good for shipping
47 Establishment
Propagated by seed
Clean off gelatinous coat
Dry and plant immediately
Warm (80 F) sterile soil
Germinate in 2 weeks
In 10 weeks ready to transplant
48 Site Selection
Virgin soil preferred
Replant sites
High levels of Phytophthera palmivora
Virgin soil technique
Fungicide drench in planting hole
Fallow of 3-5 years
49 Planting
Spacing
Single row 8 x 10
(435 plants per acre)
Double row 6 x 6 x 12
(850 plants per acre)
Multiple seedlings per space to maximize bearing plants
3 to 5 plants per hole until flowering
50 Cropping Cycle
From planting begin to fruit in 10-12 months
Begins to flower in 4-8 months
Fruit develops in 4-6 months
Possible to grow as annual
Commercially can fruit for 3-4 years
51 Production Practices
No pruning
High nitrogen to encourage growth
May thin fruit to one per cluster to avoid crowding
52 Harvesting and Yields
Climacteric fruit
Harvest yellow green
Dark green fruit will not ripen
Potential yield
100 tons/ha or 40 tons/acre
Average yield
15-25 tons/ha or 6-10 tons/acre
53 World Yields of Papaya FAOSTAT database 2000-2002 54 Post Harvest
Storage
1-3 weeks _at_ 7-10C
Fruit fly infestation treatment
Hot water 20 minutes _at_ 120F
Hot air heat fruit flesh to 117F
55 International Markets
Major exporting countries
Mexico to USA and Canada
Brazil to Europe
India to Middle East
Many others
56 Any Questions about Papaya
About PowerShow.com
PowerShow.com is a leading presentation/slideshow sharing website. Whether your application is business, how-to, education, medicine, school, church, sales, marketing, online training or just for fun, PowerShow.com is a great resource. And, best of all, most of its cool features are free and easy to use.
You can use PowerShow.com to find and download example online PowerPoint ppt presentations on just about any topic you can imagine so you can learn how to improve your own slides and presentations for free. Or use it to find and download high-quality how-to PowerPoint ppt presentations with illustrated or animated slides that will teach you how to do something new, also for free. Or use it to upload your own PowerPoint slides so you can share them with your teachers, class, students, bosses, employees, customers, potential investors or the world. Or use it to create really cool photo slideshows - with 2D and 3D transitions, animation, and your choice of music - that you can share with your Facebook friends or Google+ circles. That's all free as well!
For a small fee you can get the industry's best online privacy or publicly promote your presentations and slide shows with top rankings. But aside from that it's free. We'll even convert your presentations and slide shows into the universal Flash format with all their original multimedia glory, including animation, 2D and 3D transition effects, embedded music or other audio, or even video embedded in slides. All for free. Most of the presentations and slideshows on PowerShow.com are free to view, many are even free to download. (You can choose whether to allow people to download your original PowerPoint presentations and photo slideshows for a fee or free or not at all.) Check out PowerShow.com today - for FREE. There is truly something for everyone!