PROBLEM

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(No Transcript)
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PROBLEM

• teenage alcoholism is a constant and growing
  problem in todays society
• the average age for boys to have their first
  drink is 11 years old
• the average age for girls to have their first
  drink is 13 years old
• the average age for Americans to have their
  first drink is 15.9 years old
• despite the fact that alcohol consumption
  under the age of 21 is illegal, alcohol abuse
• affects a significant number of teenagers
  between the ages of 12 and 20

• Statistics
• Of all car accidents involving teens, one out
  of five show alcohol present in his or her
  system.
• Overall, 72 of NYC youth have consumed
  alcohol at least once, which is no different from
  youth nationwide.
• NYC youth binge drink half as much as the
  national average (14 vs. 26).
• White youth report more binge drinking in the
  past month (28) than black (8) or Hispanic
  (18) youth.

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PROBLEM

• NYC youth binge drink half as much as the
  national average (14 vs. 26).
• Those who drink heavily are four times more
  likely to commit theft outside the home than
  non-drinking adolescents
• Heavy drinkers among 12 to 17-year-olds are
  three times more likely to report deliberately
  trying to hurt or kill themselves than the
  adolescent non-drinkers
• Teenage heavy drinkers are three times more
  likely to report getting into physical fights
  than non-drinkers.
• White youth report more binge drinking in the
  past month (28) than black (8) or Hispanic
  (18) youth.
• Similar to the national average, about one in
  four students are younger than 13 when they drink
  for the first time.

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PROBLEM

• millions of American teenagers drink alcohol
• over 60 percent of high school seniors drink at
  least once a week
• alcohol is the most common drug used by teenagers
• alcohol has special risks for this age group
  because they are more prone to abuse
• alcohol can be a "gateway" drug, leading to other
  drug use
• some teenagers may develop serious drinking
  problems, especially alcoholism
• studies indicate that about half of the children
  of alcoholic parents will become alcoholic
  themselves
• some teenagers say they got "hooked" the first
  time they took a drink

• about one of every six high school seniors
  and dropouts average at least one alcoholic drink
  every other day
• about 40 percent of seniors and dropouts
  experienced serious drinking related problems
  (e.g. fights or arrests) and drinking activities
  (e.g., combining alcohol with other drugs,
  blacking out) on multiple occasions in a year

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PROBLEM

• Teenagers who drink are more likely to
• avoid family or friends
• lose interest in activities or hobbies
• hang out with a new, often older, crowd
• get into fights with parents
• be hyperactive and/or aggressive
• suffer from mental disorders such as anxiety or
  depression
• have suicidal thoughts and behaviors
• have impaired judgment
• take part in sexual promiscuity and early sexual
  encounters

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CAUSES

• Genetic Factors Alcoholism in the family can
  increase the chance of teen drinking. Lack of
  communication and negligence are also other
  causes associated with family.
• Childhood Behavior Restlessness,
  impulsiveness, aggressiveness in children can
  predict alcohol and other drug use in
  adolescence.
• Psychiatric Disorders Associations with early
  conduct disorders, anxiety, and/or depression. It
  has even been correlated with teenage behavior to
  consider, and sometimes complete their own
  suicides.
• Emotional Factors Personality and values,
  emotional state of mind, family lifestyle, and,
  possibly, predisposition, or tendency, toward
  alcoholism all may influence the descent into
  alcoholism.

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CAUSES

• Expectancies The belief that alcohol use is
  positive has been found to predict the beginning
  of drinking among adolescents.
• Social Behavior Curiosity, peer pressure, and a
  desire to relax or escape problems can lead teens
  to try alcohol.
• Media Alcohol is popularly promoted on
  television, radio commercials, and print
  advertising.
• Boredom Bored teens are 50 percent more likely
  to smoke, drink, and use illegal drugs than
  active teens.

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SURVEY
Age ___________ Grade Level
__________ GPA __________ Gender __________ Race
__________ of parents at home __________ Do you
drink? Circle yes no
If you drink how frequently do you drink? Circle
daily weekly monthly on occasion When
you drink do you choose to drink circle beer
hard liquor wine no preference
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Analysis of Survey Results
Chi square statistics were used in the analysis
of our survey results. A degree freedom of 1 was
used. Critical values of chi square were
analyzed using the values in the chart below
http//fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/chisquare.gi
f
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13 Year-Olds Surveyed

• Our findings
• Most 13 year olds believe that
• - friends influence them to drink
• - if their family has a history of alcoholism,
  it will impact their own drinking habits
• - radio, TV, and movies does not encourage them
  to drink
• - advertisements encourage them to drink
• - minors shouldnt be allowed to drink without
  parental supervision
• - their close friends do not drink

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14 Year-Olds Surveyed

• Our findings
• Most 14 year olds believe that
• their friends do not influence them to drink
• their family does not have a history of
  alcoholism
• radio, TV, and movies do not encourage them to
  drink
• advertisements do not encourage them to drink
• minors should not be able to drink alcoholic
  beverages with parental supervision
• their friends do not drink alcohol

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15 Year-Olds Surveyed

• Our findings
• Most 15 year olds believe that

• their friends influence them to drink
• if their family has a history of
  alcoholism, it will impact their drinking habits
• radio, television, and movies influence
  them to drink
• advertisements encourage them to drink
• they should drink alcoholic beverages only
  with parental supervision
• their close friends do not drink
• their family members think it is
  acceptable for them to drink alcoholic beverages

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16 Year-Olds Surveyed

• Our findings

• Most 16 year olds believe that
• friends do not influence them to drink
• their familys history of drinking impacts
  their drinking
• radio, TV, and movies encourage them to
  drink
• - advertisements encourage them to drink
• - minors shouldnt drink with parental
  supervision
• - their friends do not drink
• - their family members believe it is
  acceptable for them to drink alcoholic beverages

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17 Year-Olds Surveyed

• Our findings

• Most 17 year olds believe that
• friends do not influence them to drink
• if their immediate family has a history of
  alcoholism, this factor will most likely make
  them drink alcohol as well
• radio, TV, and movies encourage them to
  drink
• advertisements encourage them to drink
• minors should be allowed to drink
  alcoholic beverages without parental supervision
• - their friends drink alcohol
• their family members believe it is
  acceptable for them to drink alcoholic beverages

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18 Year-Olds Surveyed

• Our findings

• Most 18 year olds believe that
• their friends influence their decision to
  drink
• if the family has a history of alcoholism,
  they are also more likely to drink alcohol
• radio, TV, and movies encourage them to
  drink
• advertisements encourage them to drink
• minors should be allowed to drink
  alcoholic beverages without parental supervision
• their close friends drink
• - their family members accept the fact that
  they drink alcohol

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19 Year-Olds Surveyed

• Our findings

• Most 19 year olds believe that
• friends do not influence their decision
  to drink alcohol
• if the immediate family has a history of
  alcoholism, it has an impact on their own
  drinking of alcohol
• - radio, TV, and movies encourage them to
  drink
• advertisements encourage them to drink
• teens should be allowed to drink
  alcoholic beverages without parental supervision
• their friends drink alcohol
• - their family members think it is
  acceptable for them to drink alcoholic beverages

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Additional Findings

• ? 39.37 of 13 year old females with GPAs of B
  or better drink alcohol .
• ? 44.71 of 13 year old males with GPAs of
  B or better drink alcohol.
• ? 84 of 14 year old females with GPAs of B or
  better drink alcohol.
• ? 69 of 14 year old males with GPAs of B
  or better drink alcohol.
• ? 37 of 15 year old females with GPAs of B or
  better drink alcohol.
• ? 40 of 15 year old males with GPAs of B
  or better drink alcohol.
• ? 58 of 16 year old females with GPAs of B or
  better drink alcohol.
• ? 57 of 16 year old males with GPAs of B or
  better drink alcohol.
• ? 54.5 of 17 year old females with GPAs of B or
  better drink alcohol.
• ? 67.3 of 17 year old males with GPAs of B
  or better drink alcohol.

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CHEMISTRY OF ALCOHOL

• The alcohol found in alcoholic beverages is ethyl
  alcohol (ethanol).
• Ethyl alcohol is a depressant a substance that
  slows the activity of the central nervous system
  (CNS) making reflexes and thinking ability
  slower.
• In the image C is carbon, H is hydrogen, O is
  oxygen and the hyphens are the chemical bonds
  between the atoms.
• The O-H group is responsible for the chemical
  effects of alcohol.
• Ethanol is produced by fermentation- the
  metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of
  yeast in the absence of oxygen. The process of
  culturing yeast under alcohol-producing
  conditions is referred to as brewing.

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TYPES OF ALCOHOL
? Pure alcohol does not exist in most drinks. ?
Danger only a few ounces of pure alcohol can
quickly raise the blood alcohol level into the
danger zone. ? For various types of beverages,
the ethanol concentration (by volume) is as
follows ? Beer 4 to 6 percent (average of
about 4.5 percent) ? Wine 7 to 15 percent
(average of about 11 percent) ? Champagne 8
to 14 percent (average of about 12 percent) ?
Distilled spirits (e.g. rum, gin, vodka, whiskey)
40 to 95 percent
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BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS

• Blood alcohol content (BAC) or blood alcohol
  concentration is the concentration of alcohol in
  blood.
• It is usually measured as mass per volume. For
  example, a BAC of 0.02 means 0.02 grams of
  alcohol per 100 grams of individual's blood, or
  0.2 grams of alcohol per 1000 grams of blood.
• The consumption from a sober state of two
  standard drinks (containing a total of 20 grams)
  of alcohol will increase the average person's BAC
  roughly 0.05, (A single standard drink consumed
  each hour after the first two will keep the BAC
  at approximately 0.05). Note there is much
  variation according to body weight, gender, and
  body fat percentage.
• The number of drinks consumed and the BAC are not
  precise indicators for the degree or severity of
  impairment.
• A persons alcohol tolerance, which is different
  for everyone, is based upon genetics, synergistic
  effects of drugs, and adaptation to chronic
  alcohol use.

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BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS

• Measures the percentage of weight of alcohol in
  the blood.
• Gas chromatography, the most popular method of
  analyzing blood for alcohol, separates the
  alcohol from the other substances in the blood.
• Another method is treating blood with the enzyme
  NAD, which oxidizes with alcohol.

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BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS

• Advantages of Blood Analysis
• Blood tests allow investigators to accurately
  test the same sample several times properly.
• Disadvantages of Blood Analysis
• Process requires trained medical staff.
• Analysis requires procedures to be followed by
  trained lab technicians.
• It takes a while for results.
• It costs a great deal of money.

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ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL ON AN EMPTY STOMACH

• Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach leads more
  quickly to intoxication.
• Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach heightens
  the alcohol blood level within the first hour of
  drinking or less. Drinking alcohol on an empty
  stomach causes the alcohol to be absorbed into
  the bloodstream at a much more rapid rate thus
  causing a more potent effect on the brain.
• Beer Drinkers Four beers on an empty stomach
  will go straight into your system and quickly
  become a predictable BAC.
• The same four beers on a full stomach will take
  longer to hit your bloodstream, resulting in a
  lower BAC for a longer period of time, and a
  higher BAC at a later time.
• Although you ultimately will "get to" the same
  BAC, it will take a longer or shorter amount of
  time to do so based on what it is in your system.
  Avoid carbonated drinks and warmer drinks both
  of which are absorbed faster.
• To slow down intoxication drink more slowly and
  eat food -- especially proteins, fats and dense
  carbohydrates. Things to be avoided  because they
  speed up alcohol absorption include carbonated
  drinks and warmer drinks, both of which are
  absorbed faster. Therefore, before consuming
  alcohol, one should always have a meal with a lot
  of protein, fat and carbohydrates.

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ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL ON AN EMPTY STOMACH

• In general, alcohol consumed is absorbed through
  simple diffusion into the blood stream from all
  parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Alcohol is most efficiently absorbed in the small
  intestine. 20 to 25 of a dose of alcohol is
  absorbed from the stomach and 75 to 80 from the
  small intestine.
• The highest blood alcohol concentrations are
  reached in about 0.5 to 2.0 hours and an average
  of around 0.75 to 1.35 hours depending upon
  dosage and time of last meal.

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ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL ON A FULL STOMACH

• Drinking alcohol on a stomach with a regular meal
  will delay absorption.
• If a person drinks the same amount of alcohol one
  to two hours after an average meal, the blood
  alcohol level peaks much more slowly and never
  reaches the same level as after drinking on an
  empty stomach. With food in the stomach, the body
  has a slower rate of absorption of alcohol. Fatty
  foods block absorption of alcohol longer than
  protein or carbohydrate foods because they take
  longer to digest.
• During the process of digestion, after a meal,
  the rate of the absorption of alcohol into the
  large intestine slows down. In addition, there is
  a longer elapsed time before symptoms begin to
  show and the blood alcohol concentration is lower
  than the blood alcohol concentration for an empty
  stomach.
• Also, if you drank on a full stomach, you can
  often show that your BAC at the time you were
  observed operating your vehicle was under the
  legal limit of 0.08, and that it only rose above
  0.08 much later when you gave your breath test
  due to a full stomach, or other factors. This is
  called the "Rising BAC" defense, and it is a good
  one.

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ALCOHOL IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• A central nervous system depressant that affects
  reticular formation, spinal cord, cerebellum and
  cerebral cortex, as well as on many
  neurotransmitter systems.
• Alcohol easily crosses the blood brain barrier
  due to its solubility in lipid and water
  solutions.
• Some of the neurochemical effects of alcohol are
  
• Increased turnover of norepinephrine and dopamine
  
• Decreased transmission in acetylcholine systems
• Increased transmission in GABA systems
• Increased production of beta-endorphin in the
  hypothalamus

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ALCOHOL IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• In low doses, alcohol produces
• a relaxing effect
• reduces tension
• lowers inhibitions
• impairs concentration
• slows reflexes
• impairs reaction time
• reduces coordination
• In medium doses, alcohol produces
• slur speech
• cause drowsiness
• alter emotions
• In high doses, alcohol produces
• vomiting
• breathing difficulties
• unconsciousness
• coma

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ALCOHOL IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• The removal of alcohol from an adult body occurs
  at a rate of ½ to ¾ of an ounce per hour. When a
  large quantity of alcohol is present in the body,
  the ability of the brain to control the
  respiratory system is disabled.
• At .30 BAL, death may occur. At .40 BAL, the
  drinker may become unconscious. At .50 BAL, the
  functions of the respiratory system and the heart
  decrease dramatically. Finally, at .60 BAL, most
  drinkers die.
• It is known that the depressant effect increases
  with BAC hence, the importance of BAC as an
  index of impairment. Extreme amounts of alcohol
  can paralyze the respiratory system and cause
  death, but some persons can survive and even
  drive at these and still higher concentrations.
• High doses, the respiratory system slows down
  drastically and can cause a coma or death.
• Heavy drinkers are more susceptible to pneumonia
  and lung collapse, and also have more pulmonary
  infections.

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FIELD SOBRIETY TEST

• The Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST)
  consists of three different tests to show
  intoxication and reason for arrest.
• The SFST was first created by the National
  Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
  Its first test was performed by the Southern
  California Research Institute.
• Through NHTSAs formal program of training, law
  enforcement officers improve their skills of
  detecting DWI suspects, describing the suspects
  behavior, and providing valid testimony during a
  trial in court.

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FIELD SOBRIETY TEST

• Field sobriety testing includes some simple
  physical or cognitive tests that determines the
  sobriety of a driver when he is suspected of
  drunkenness by a police officer.
• These tests were standardized by guidelines
  created by the National Highway Traffic and
  Safety Administration (NHTSA) so they may be more
  accurate.
• The standardized tests procedures include
• the One-Leg Stand (OLS)
• Walk-and-Turn
• Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN)
• Some non-standardized tests procedures include
  
• standing with feet together and tipping the head
  backwards
• counting the number of fingers that the officer
  raises
• reciting the alphabet or a portion of it
• counting backwards
• Rhomberg stationary balance test
• finger-to-nose test

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BREATHALYZER TEST

• A breathalyzer (or breathalyser) is a device for
  estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a
  breath sample.
• The name breathalyzer came from a brand of a
  model of this device created by Smith and Wesson.
  It then became a trademark for all devices which
  estimate BAC.
• Intoxilyzer, Intoximeter, AlcoScan, Alcotest,
  AlcoSensor, Alcolizer, Datamaster are the other
  most common brand names in use today.
• The U.S. Government's National Highway Traffic
  Safety Administration has a "Conforming Products
  List" of breath alcohol devices that approve them
  as appropriate means to collect evidence and
  detect alcohol (alcohol detection tests).

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FEDERAL POLICY

• Alcohol Excise Taxes
• The Federal Government regulates volume taxes
  on alcoholic beverages in addition to alcohol
  taxes imposed by the state. Prices in relation to
  inflationary level prices of alcohol have
  declined considerably since 1960.
• Product Approval
• The Tax and Trade Bureau has jurisdiction for
  labeling, packaging, and product approval.
• Advertising
• The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and
  the Federal Trade Commission are agencies created
  by the government that have authority over
  advertising alcoholic products. These
  organizations also have control over televised
  and broadcasted advertising.
• Giving alcohol to minors is illegal and is
  punishable by law.
• The national drinking age is 21 years of age. US
  territories, Puerto Rico, the U.S Virgin Islands,
  and Guam have a drinking age of 18.
• The 21st amendment gives states majority powers
  concerning alcohol. Each state has its own laws
  that preside over the alcohol markets within the
  respective states. Laws concerning the sellers of
  alcohol are dictated by the state as well.
  Alcohol beverage control agencies are found
  within every state of the US.

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FEDERAL POLICY
The Federal Alcohol policy is most regulated by
the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
located in the Department of Treasury. The
primary responsibility of the TTB is to enforce
and administer laws covering the production,
consumption, and sale of tobacco and alcohol
related goods.
Labeling Producers of alcohol must receive a
Certification/Exemption of Label/Bottle Approval
(COLA) through the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms and Explosives before production occurs
legally. In 1989, the government passed a law
that made it a requirement for alcoholic beverage
containers to have a small warning message
informing the public about the risks of consuming
alcoholic beverages. These warning labels
emphasize the possibility of birth defects
occurring if alcoholic beverages are drank during
pregnancy and on the dangers of driving a vehicle
once alcohol has been consumed. There are states,
such as California, which have made it a
requirement for there to be signs with the risks
of alcohol posted in establishments where alcohol
is served.
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FEDERAL POLICY

• Raised Alcohol Excise Taxes
• Keg Tagging Tracking of Alcohol sales
• Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) Training
• Product Labeling
• ? Notification of the risks of alcohol
  consumption
• Limiting Alcohol Sales Licenses
• Enforcement of Underage Drinking Laws
• Limiting Alcohol Sales at public events
• Restrictions on Alcohol Advertisements ? At
  Sporting Events ? To Underage Youth
• Holding Adults Responsible for Teen Parties

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STATE POLICY

• Open Container It is against the law to have an
  open container in public with the intent of
  consumption, or an open container with the intent
  of consumption on private property without the
  permission of the owner of that property. Fines
  can be dealt of up to 150 dollars and an
  offender can get and/or 15 days of jail-time.
• 2. Minor in Possession If a person, under 21
  years of age, is found possessing alcoholic
  beverages and is planning on drinking it, they
  may be punished by receiving a fine of 50 or
  less and may be required to participate in an
  alcohol awareness program, as well as, serving 30
  hours of community service.
• 3. Providing False Identification If a person,
  under 21 years of age, uses a false
  identification in order to purchase alcoholic
  beverages, they may be required to pay a fine of
  100 or less, participate in a program for
  alcohol awareness, and serve up to 30 hours of
  community service.
• 4. Furnishing Alcohol to a Person Under Age 21
  It is illegal for a person to sell or give an
  alcoholic beverage to an individual under 21
  years of age.
• 5. Liability for Injury Caused by Furnishing
  Alcohol to Persons Under 21 If someone is
  injured by an intoxicated minor (under the age of
  21), the vendor of the alcohol, that sold it to
  the minor has to pay for all damages caused by
  the impaired minor if the vendor had any
  reasonable doubt the law breaker was under the
  age of 21.

6. Selling Alcohol to an Intoxicated Person It
is illegal for an individual to give another
person, who is already intoxicated, alcoholic
beverages. 7. Liability For Injury Caused By Sale
of Alcohol to Any Intoxicated Person If an
individual is harmed by an intoxicated person,
they have the option and right to sue or take
lawful actions against them. The intoxicated
person is then forced to make reparations to the
person who was harmed. 8. Driving While
Intoxicated The use of a motor vehicle while a
person is under the influence of alcohol and has
a blood alcohol count of .10 or higher, is
considered a misdemeanor and is punishable
through a fine of 500 to 1000. This person may
also have to serve a prison term of 1 year. Their
license may also be revoked or suspended. 9.
Driving While Ability Impaired The use of a
motor vehicle while a person is under the
influence of alcohol and has a blood alcohol
count of .05 but less than .10 is considered to
be a misdemeanor. 10. Operating a Motor Vehicle
After Consuming Alcohol While Under Age 21 Any
person who drives with a blood alcohol level of
0.02 and is under the age of 21 is susceptible
to license revocation or suspension and can be
ticketed with a 125 charge. This violation is
not officially labeled as a crime or any other
offense.
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LOCAL POLICY

• You must be 21 years old to purchase alcohol.
• Underage consumption of alcohol is not explicitly
  prohibited.
• Sale of alcohol to minors is prohibited.
• Use of a false ID to obtain alcohol is a criminal
  offense.
• Possession is prohibited unless the minor has
  parent or guardian consent or is using alcohol
  for specific religious, educational, or medical
  purposes.
• Liquor and wine can only be sold in licensed
  stores. These are closed on Sundays, holidays,
  and election days when voting polls are open.
• Beer can be purchased 24 hours in delis or
  grocery stores except on Sundays before 12pm.
• It is illegal to drink alcohol in public,
  including outside of a restaurant, bar, café, or
  any other establishment which sells it.
• Federal law influences state alcohol policies.
  Federal law requires that a portion of the
  Federal highway funding be withheld from any
  state that allows the purchase or consumption of
  alcohol beverages by persons under the age of 21.

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Most Effective and Feasible Policy

• The maximum alcohol content in any drink has to
  be 0.08 grams/100 ml.
• If the persons BAC level is above 0.02 he/she
  must pay a fine that equals 100,000 times their
  BAC level if they commit a crime.
• Liquor stores must keep track of each individual
  customer.
• Each time a customer returns to buy more liquor,
  the cost of a bottle goes up two times its
  original price.
• Alcoholics are subject to a background check at
  liquor stores. The owner may refuse to sell them
  liquor if they have broken several alcohol laws.
• Primary punishment for violation of alcohol law
  is revocation, suspension, or denial of driving
  privileges.
• Severe penalties for parents who allow drinking
  at teenage parties which they host in their own
  home.
• Emphasis in school health education of danger of
  excess alcohol consumption.
• Family and school counseling services for
  teenager and their families.

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References (Cover)

• http//fc05.deviantart.com/fs8/i/2006/161/6/8/new_
  york_lights___tweak_by_Rhea_Batz.jpg

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References (Problem 1)

• www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2007/pro19-07.shtml

40
References (Problem 2)

• http//www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2007/pr019-07.s
  html
• http//alcoholism.about.com/cs/teens/a/aa000307.ht
  m
• http//www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v202/n2/images/b
  dj.2007.60-i1.jpg
• http//blog.teenoptions.com/wp-content/uploads/200
  7/09/binging.jpg

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References (Problem 3)

• http//www.focusas.com/Alcohol.html
• http//www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB6004-1/
  index1.html
• www.google.com/images

42
References (Problem 4)

• www.baptistonle.org/health/library/alco4138.asp
• www.teenage-drinking.net
• www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2007/pro19-07.shtml

43
References (Causes 1)

• http//www.sitesplus.co.uk/user_docs/u/Image/Depre
  ssion20from20defence20magazine.jpg
• http//jackson.ces.ncsu.edu/content/images/library
  /50/FCS-discipline.jpg

44
References (Causes 2)

• http//www.aolcdn.com/red_galleries/safety-peer-pr
  essure-400a06.jpg
• http//publications.highestwire.com/our_truth/sect
  ions/feature/2004/08/20/6/full_photos/510149845dri
  nking.jpeg

45
References (Analysis of Survey Results)

• http//fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/chisquare.gi
  f

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References (Chemistry of Alcohol)

• http//recipes.howstuffworks.com/alcohol12.htmhtt
  p//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.che
  mistrydaily.com/chemistry
• Saferstein, Richard. CriminalisticsAn
  Introduction to Forensic Science 7th Edition. New
  Jersey Prentice Hall,2001

47
References (Types Of Alcohol)

• http//www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve
  /3376501/2/istockphoto_3376501_celebration_toast_w
  ith_champagne.jpg
• http//www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve
  /2856865/2/istockphoto_2856865_splash_whiskey.jpg
• http//beerkong.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/bee
  r_becks.jpg

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References (Blood Alcohol Analysis 1)

• http//images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/69/5
  8/22855869.jpg
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content
  

49
References (Blood Alcohol Analysis 2)

• http//www.duilasvegas.com/las_vegas_dui_arrest/ar
  t/blood_alcohol_tests.jpg
• http//www.duicentral.com/drunk_driving/blood_alco
  hol_physiology.html
• http//www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/courses/c2005/i
  mages/nad.gif
• http//www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/smpr
  imer/gc/schmtc.jpg

http//wunaladreaming.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/
blood_analysis.jpg
50
References (Blood Alcohol Analysis 3)

• http//wunaladreaming.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/
  blood_analysis.jpg

51
References (Absorption of Alcohol On An Empty
Stomach 1)

• http//www.google.com/alcohol
• http//www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/HealthIssues/2006
  0414152217.html

52
References (Absorption of Alcohol On An Empty
Stomach 2)

• http//www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/Images/stomach
  -figure-2_tcm75-26457.gif

53
References (Absorption of Alcohol On A Full
Stomach)

• http//cache.eb.com/eb/image?id62749rendTypeId4
  
• http//www.eurobrews.com/faq.html

54
References (Alcohol In The Nervous System)

• http//faculty.washington.edu/chudler/alco.htmlht
  tp//www.chemcases.com/alcohol/alc-07.htm

55
References (Alcohol In The Respiratory System)

• http//www.biotopics.co.uk/humans/chestn.gif
• http//www.oregoncounseling.org/ArticlesPapers/Doc
  uments/ETOHBIOFx.htm

56
References (Field Sobriety Test 1)

• http//www.nhtsa.dot.gov/People/injury/alcohol/SFS
  T/appendix_a.htm

57
References (Field Sobriety Test 2)

• http//www.chemcases.com/alcohol/alc-07.htm

58
References (Breathalyzer Test)

• http//www.martinrothonline.com/personalhealthmoni
  tor/Reviews/AlcoHawk20Precision.jpg
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathalyzer
• http//www.the-florida-dui.com/What_is_a_Breathaly
  zer_.html

59
References (Federal Policy 1)

• http//www.marininstitute.org/alcohol_policy/feder
  al.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_U
  nited_States_by_state
• http//www.epi.umn.edu/alcohol/pathfinder/index.sh
  tm

60
References (Federal Policy 2)

• http//www.marininstitute.org/alcohol_policy/feder
  al.htm

61
References (State Policy)

• http//www.marininstitute.org/alcohol_policy/feder
  al.htm
• http//security.vassar.edu/da_policy.html

62
References (Local Policy)

• http//www.carterstore.com/upload/products/ande/ar
  snoalco-2.jpg

63
References (The Most Effective Feasible
Policy)

• http//www.boat-ed.com/images/graphics/bac_effects
  .gif

64
CREDITS
Instructor Mary Villani
Student Leaders
Chan, Joyce Chung, Monica Kim, Brian Kim,
Virginia Mohammed, Karimu Pozin, Mikhail Raslin,
Lev Rubel, Elizabeth Tesillo, Melanie Yoon, Mina
65
CREDITS
Instructor Mary Villani
Researchers and Production Staff

Al Qaisi, Raymond Ally, Nishaun Aziz,
Rishat Bardales, Bryan Bencosme, Francisco Brown,
Kelly Ann Burgos, Alan Cajder, Paula Carlos,
Deenroy Chan, Joyce Chan, Michael Chang,
Richard Chen, Kaiyue Christoforatos,
Katerina Chung, Monica Circu, Christina Cogan,
Benjamin Coleman, Timothy Cosma, Ruxanda Eng,
Kenneth Fann, Thomas Fischler, Jacob Fu, Amy
Goldsmith-Greenberg, Sarah Guitelman,
Daniela Han, Zachary Henning, Daniel Hong,
Cindy Hsu, Allen Hu, Diana Islam, Nafis
Bin Kazmi, Stefan Khan, Shayan Khoo, Daniel Kim,
Brian Kim, Grace Kim, Susana Kim, Victor Kim,
Virginia Koukias, Michael Kukreja, Megha Lee,
Kathie Li, Jason Liang, Charlene Lin, Kristen Lo,
Kevin
Louie, Allison Mohammed, Karimu Molina,
Diane Muniz, Diana Ng, Alan Parikh, Amit Park,
Andreas Picariello, Alex Pozin, Mikhail Prokes,
Sean Pupovic, Eldin Qian, Patty Quevedo,
Maria Rahman, Mahmuda Raslin, Lev Rodgers,
John Rodriguez, Stephanie Ross Jr, Luis Roze,
David Rubel, Elizabeth Rubenfeld, Daniel Sanchez,
Monica Satia, Karan Schori, Eitan
Seid, Edward Shyu, Emily Sim Cho,
Jared Steinberg, Shane Stroz, Casey Sukenick,
Martina Sung, Frederick Tang, Amanda Tesillo,
Melanie Too, Annazizi Toumazou, Andreas Tratner,
Brian Ventura, Elias Weinberg, Jessica Won, Sung
Bae Yang, Alice Yared, Naomi Yoon, Mina Young,
Laura Zeng, Kenny Zmich, Cynthia Zmich,
Nicole Zouroudis, Hazidenio