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General Psychology Chapter 10: Adolescence and Adulthood

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(7) Being a custodial parent who is single. 16. Lifestyle patterns in adulthood. Singles. Happiest singles seem to be those who have relationships that provide ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: General Psychology Chapter 10: Adolescence and Adulthood


1
General PsychologyChapter 10 Adolescence and
Adulthood
2
  • Eriksons psychosocial theory of lifespan
    development
  • Psychosocial stages
  • Eriksons eight developmental stages through the
    lifespan are each defined by a conflict that must
    be resolved satisfactorily in order for healthy
    personality development to occur

3
  • Eriksons Psychosocial Stages of Development
    (342)
  • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs.)
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs.)
  • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs.)
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
  • Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

4
  • Puberty
  • A collective term that includes several
    milestones leading to sexual maturity
  • Average age is 10 for girls and 12 for boys
  • But range is 7 to 14 for girls and 9 to 16 for
    boys

5
  • Timing of puberty
  • Early-maturing boys, taller and stronger than
    their classmates, have an advantage in sports and
    capture admiring glances from girls
  • Late-maturing boys have poor body image, less
    confidence, less happiness
  • Early puberty sometimes interacts with other
    variables to produce more negative developmental
    outcomes (in poverty, more likely become
    aggressive)

6
  • Early maturation in girls brings increased
    self-consciousness and, often, dissatisfaction
    with their developing bodies
  • Early-maturing girls are more likely than peers
    to develop bulimia and other eating disorders
  • Early-maturing girls are more likely to have
    earlier sexual experiences, teen pregnancies,
    STDs, and alcohol and drug use and thus less
    academic attainment

7
  • Sexuality
  • Teens who tend to be less experienced sexually
    are those who attend religious services
    frequently and live with both biological parents,
    who are neither too permissive nor too strict in
    their discipline and rules
  • Having an absent father or a step-father is a
    risk for early puberty and earlier sexual activity

8
  • Moral development
  • Lawrence Kohlberg
  • Believed that moral reasoning is closely related
    to cognitive development and that it evolves in
    stages
  • Studied moral development by presenting a series
    of moral dilemmas to male participants from the
    United States and other countries
  • Found that moral reasoning could be classified
    into three levels, with each level having two
    stages

9
  • Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Reasoning (p. 349)
  • Level I Preconventional Levelconsequences from
    others
  • Stage 1obey to avoid punishment
  • Stage 2obey for rewards or get favors in return
  • Level II Conventional Levelstandards of others
    internalized
  • Stage 3act to please others
  • Stage 4act right to do social duty and respect
    authority

10
  • Level III Postconventional Levelweigh moral
    alternatives law may conflict with human rights
  • Stage 5obey the law to serve society and general
    welfare but not if go against human rights
  • Stage 6universal ethical principles (life is
    sacred justice equality)follow conscience even
    if goes against the law

11
Early and Middle Adulthood
  • Physical changes
  • Presbyopia
  • A condition, occurring in the mid- to late 40s,
    in which the lenses of the eyes no longer
    accommodate adequately for near vision, and
    reading glasses or bifocals are required for
    reading

12
  • Menopause
  • The cessation of menstruation, occurring between
    ages 45 and 55, signifying the end of
    reproductive capacity

13
  • Intellectual abilities
  • Younger adults outperform those who are older on
    tests requiring speed or rote memory
  • On tests measuring general information,
    vocabulary, reasoning ability, and social
    judgment, older participants usually do better
    than younger ones because of their greater
    experience and education

14
  • College attendance and development
  • The longer people attend college, even if they
    dont graduate, the more likely they are to be
    capable of formal operational thinking and other
    forms of abstract logical thought
  • College also offers adults the opportunity to
    sharpen their self-perceptions
  • College attendance influences social development
    as well

15
  • Researchers use seven factors to classify
    students as traditional (0 factors present),
    minimally non-traditional (1 to 2 factors
    present), moderately non-traditional (3 to 4
    factors present), or highly non-traditional (5 or
    more factors present).
  • (1) Delaying college entry more than a year after
    high school graduation
  • (2) Living independently from parents
  • (3) Being employed while in school
  • (4) Enrolling part-time rather than full-time
  • (5) Being a parent
  • (6) Having a GED rather than a high school
    diploma
  • (7) Being a custodial parent who is single

16
  • Lifestyle patterns in adulthood
  • Singles
  • Happiest singles seem to be those who have
    relationships that provide emotional support
  • Divorce rate among cohabiting couples is higher
    than the divorce rate for couples who do not live
    together before marriage
  • Research suggests that cohabiting relationships
    prior to marriage are associated with emotionally
    negative, unsupportive communication and behavior
    patterns during marriage

17
  • Marriage
  • Found that married people report much higher
    levels of well-being than unmarried people
  • Equitable sharing of responsibilities yields a
    more satisfying marriage

18
  • Divorce
  • The marriages most likely to fail are marriages
    between teenagers, nonreligious marriages in
    which the bride was pregnant, and marriages of
    people whose parents had divorced
  • Divorce often radically alters the course of an
    adults life, especially for women

19
Later Adulthood
  • Physical changes in later adulthood
  • Breakdown of the myelin sheaths of individual
    neurons in the brain, which causes a general
    slowing of behavior
  • Decrease in the rate at which the body supplies
    oxygen to the brain also explain the slowing-down
    phenomenon
  • Primary aging affects sensory abilities, as well
  • Secondary aging takes a toll, too with about 80
    of Americans over age 65 having one or more
    chronic conditions

20
  • Sex and senior citizens
  • Surveys indicate that more than 70 of adults
    over age 65 in the United States are still
    sexually active
  • Declines in testosterone associated with aging in
    both men and women are partly responsible for
    diminished sexual activity and pleasure

21
  • Alzheimers disease
  • A type of dementia resulting from widespread
    degeneration of brain cells
  • At first, victims of Alzheimers disease show a
    gradual impairment in memory and reasoning, as
    well as in their efficiency in carrying out
    everyday tasks
  • As the disorder progresses, Alzheimers patients
    become increasingly unable to care for themselves

22
  • Heredity is a major factor in early-onset
    Alzheimers
  • According to researchers, a high IQ coupled with
    life-long intellectual activity may delay or
    lessen the symptoms of Alzheimers in those who
    are at risk for the disease

23
  • Death and dying
  • Kübler-Ross on death and dying
  • Five stages people go through in coming to terms
    with death
  • -Denial
  • -Anger
  • -Bargaining
  • -Depression
  • -Acceptance
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