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Another look at PSRs: Intermediate Structure

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poems. Flat Structure. I bought the big [book of poems] with the red cover not the small [one] with the ... of poems. with the blue cover. PP. N' AP. big. N' ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Another look at PSRs: Intermediate Structure


1
Another look at PSRsIntermediate Structure
  • Starting X-bar theory

2
Flat Structure
  • NP?(D) (AP) N (PP)

3
Flat Structure
  • I bought the big book of poems with the red
    cover not the small one with the blue cover.

4
Flat Structure
  • I bought the big book of poems with the blue
    cover not the small one.

5
Flat Structure
  • I bought this big book of poems with the red
    cover not that one.

6
N Structure
7
N rules
  • NP ? (D) N
  • N ? (AP) N or N (PP)
  • N ? N (PP)

8
One-Replacement
Replace an N node with one
not N, not NP
9
One replacement
I want that big book of poems with the blue cover
not ...
10
Flat Structure in VPs
  • VP? (AP) V (NP) (AP) (PP)

VP
AP V NP AP PP
sings
A N A P
NP
often opera loudly at
N
church
11
  • John often sings opera loudly at church and Mary
    does so too.

12
  • John often sings opera loudly at church and Mary
    frequently does so too.

13
  • John often sings opera loudly at church but Mary
    rarely does so in the library.

14
  • John often sings opera loudly at church but Mary
    rarely does so quietly in the library.

15
V Structure
VP
V
AP V
V PP
often
V AP
in church
V NP
loudly
sings
opera
16
V rules
  • VP ? V (a vacuous rule)
  • V ? (AP) V or V (AP/PP)
  • V ? V (NP)

17
Do so replacement
replace a V node with did so (too)
18
John often sings opera loudly in church and/but
Mary ...
VP
V
AP V
V PP
often
V AP
in church
V NP
loudly
sings
opera
19
Further Evidence for V
VP
V
V PP
V Conj V P NP
and with
V NP
V NP
a fork
eats tosses
beans salads
20
Flat Structure in APs
  • AP? (AP) A
  • Tara is proud of Colleen
  • Susan is angry about the presidents politics
  • AP ?(AP) A (PP)

21
Flat Structure in APs
  • AP? (AP) A (PP)

AP
AP A PP
angry
A P NP
very
about
school violence
22
Bob is very angry about school violence but less
so than he used to be.
AP
AP A PP
angry
A P NP
very
about
school violence
23
Bob is very angry about school violence but less
so about gun control.
AP
AP A PP
angry
A P NP
very
about
school violence
24
A rules
  • AP ? A (a vacuous rule)
  • A ? (AP) A
  • A ? A (PP)

25
A Structure
AP
A
AP A
A PP
very afraid
of tiger
26
Flat Structure in PPs
  • P ? P (NP)
  • Tara is very in love with her boss
  • PP ?(AP) P (NP) (PP)

ok, this only shows up with the idiom in love
and fixed expressions like it So Im giving you
a hokey story here.
27
Flat Structure in PPs
  • PP? (AP) P (NP) (PP)

PP
AP P NP PP
in
A N P NP
very
love with
her boss
28
Mary was very in love with her boss, Susanna was
less so
  • PP? (AP) P (NP) (PP)

PP
AP P NP PP
in
A N P NP
very
love with
her boss
29
Mary was very in love with her boss, Susanna was
less so with her husband.
  • PP? (AP) P (NP) (PP)

PP
AP P NP PP
in
A N P NP
very
love with
her boss
30
P rules
  • PP ? P (a vacuous rule)
  • P ? (AP) P or P (PP)
  • P ? P (NP)

31
P Structure
PP
P
AP V
V PP
Very
P NP
with her boss
in
love
Ok, Ill admit it, there is less evidence for
this one!!!
32
The New Rules (dont memorize these, we have a
ways to go yet)
  • NP ? (D) N
  • N ? (AP) N or N (PP)
  • N ? N (PP)
  • VP ? V
  • V ? (AP) V or V (AP/PP)
  • V ? V (NP)
  • AP ? A
  • A ? (AP) A
  • A ? A (PP)
  • PP ? P
  • P ? (AP) P or P (PP)
  • P ? P (NP)

YIKES! Is there a simpler way?
Are we missing any generalizations??
33
Generalization 1 3 types of rules
  • For each major category there are 3 types of
    rules
  • A rule that generates the phrase NP ?(D) N
  • A rule that iterates N ? (AP) N
  • A rule that introduces the head N ? N (PP)

34
Generalization 2 Headedness
  • In each rule the only item that is obligatory is
    the item that gives its category to the node that
    dominates it
  • NP ?(D) N
  • N ? (AP) N
  • N ? N (PP)
  • There are no rules of the form NP ? V AP. (this
    is called endocentricity)

35
Generalization 3 Optionality
  • With the exception of determiners (more on that
    in chapter 6), all non-head material is both
    phrasal and optional
  • NP ?(D) N
  • N ? (AP) N
  • N ? N (PP)

36
Goals of X-bar theory
  • Simplify the system of rules
  • Capture intermediate structure
  • Capture the cross-categorial generalizations.
  • We will use VARIABLES to do this. A variable is a
    category that can stand for any other category.
  • X, Y, W, Z are variables that can stand for ANY
    of N,V,A,P

37
The X-bar Rules
  • Specifier Rule XP ?(YP) X
  • Adjunct Rule X ?(ZP) X or X ? X (ZP)
  • Complement Rule X ? X (WP)

where X can stand for any category (N,V,A,P). X
must be consistent through the 3 rules.
38
X-bar Structures
XP
X
YP
X ZP1
X ZP2
X WP
39
X-bar Structures
NP
N
YP
N ZP1
N ZP2
N WP
40
X-bar Structures
VP
V
YP
V ZP1
V ZP2
V WP
41
X-bar Structures
AP
A
YP
A ZP1
A ZP2
A WP
42
X-bar Structures
PP
P
YP
P ZP1
P ZP2
P WP
43
Summary
  • Constituency tests show us there is intermediate
    structure in phrases. (evidence varies in
    strength)
  • There are Cross-Categorial generalizations to be
    made
  • 3 rules Specifier, adjunct, complement
  • Headedness Endocentricity
  • Optionality of modifiers

44
Summary
  • X-bar rules
  • Specifier Rule XP ?(YP) X
  • Adjunct Rule X ?(ZP) X or X ? X (ZP)
  • Complement Rule X ? X (WP)
  • To do
  • discuss the differences between the
    specifier/complement/adjunct rules
  • Account for crosslinguistic variation
  • tidy up some ugly loose ends (like the lack of
    motivation for the specifier rule, The fact that
    determiners arent phrases etc.)
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