Semester Review Session

1
Semester Review Session
2
Pre-Columbian Indians Econ

• In North America small settlements
• Except Cahokia
• Agriculture
• Hunter-Gatherers
• Textiles
• Furs

3
Tribes Nations

• Mound builders --Cahokia
• Eastern Woodlands agric, hunter-gatherers
• Great Plains didnt settle til 1600 with horse
  arrival, stop farming in MN hunt buffalo
• Southwest agric w/crop trio influenced by
  Meso-Amer Indians
• Pacific Northwest fish, hunter-gatherers,
  totems, potlatch

4
Natives v. Europeans Concept of Land

• Europeans
• Claims based on discovery, exploration or
  settlement
• Each colony could deal with Natives as they
  wished
• Extinguishing by Occupation most Euros felt
  could get rights to Native land by purchase or
  treaty
• Treaties by colonial agents

• Natives
• Land is unique cant be owned/sold/transferred
  only used
• Part of nature inseparable
• Sustenance --existed to sustain beings on it
• Tribes each had right to use but none could own

5
European Exploration

• Norsemen --1st that can prove but no legacy
• Portugal --led the way in exploration in order to
  reach India by going around Africa
• Spain -- after Reconquista, Spain united by
  Ferdinand Isabella
• Columbus Hispaniola
• Vespucci thru out Caribbean coastal S America
• Ponce de Leon FL
• Magellan circumnavigated
• Cortez Aztec
• Pizarro Inca
• Coronado SW
• De Soto lower MS area

6
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Pope (not countries themselves) institutes
this agreement shows power role of church is
greater than nation-states. What is the LEGACY
of this treaty??
7
Then English Exploration

• Reasons
• W/defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588, English naval
  power grew!
• Elizabethan Nationalism!
• Growing population
• Econ woes --lots of poor/landless
• New finance method innovated by Eng ( Dutch!)
  Joint Stock Company
• Cabot 1500s explored
• Drake sea dog raids on Spanish galleons
• Rolfe VA new strain of tobacco
• Raleigh lost colony of Roanoke

8
Followed by France Netherlands

• Cartier NW Passage but found St. Lawrence
  instead Quebec founded
• Champlain established fur trade in region
• and then,
• Hudson English, but sailed for Dutch E. India
  Co.

9
Spanish Colonization

• In No. Amer, Spanish settlements developed slowly
  due to limited mineral resources strong
  opposition from the Natives
• Econ Encomienda, Mission, Presidio, Pueblo
• FL St. Augustine 1565 oldest military outpost
• NM Santa Fe estbl. 1609. Pueblo Revolt in 1680
  Spanish driven from era til early 1700s
• TX After driven from NM, Spanish estbl. few
  settlements in TX, like missions in San Antonio.
  These grew in effort to resist French efforts to
  explore lower MS River.
• CA In response to Russian exploration from AK,
  Spain estbl. settlements in San Diego (1769) and
  San Francisco Los Angeles (1776). Missions
  estbl there by Father Serra.

10
New France

• Quebec other fur trade outposts in St. Lawrence
  seaway
• Couriers de bois runners of the woods
• Metis
• Jesuits
• Huguenots French protestants

11
England greatest most varied impact on
colonization

• New England
• Plymouth Separatists, Mayflower Compact,
  Squanto
• Massachusetts Bay Non-separatists, Great
  Migration, John Winthrop, NE Primer, Harvard,
  Yale, town meeting, banished Anne Hutchinsons
  antinomianism (faith alone not deeds)
• Connecticut economic reasons, spread out from
  MBC, Fundamental Orders of CT (representative
  govt), blue laws
• New Hampshire econ reasons, the last of the New
  England colonies
• Rhode Island bought land from natives, Roger
  Williams, self-governing independent

12
English Middle Colonies

• PA
• Penns proprietary colony, Quakers, Indians ?
  --peace for 75 yrs!
• Holy Experiment
• NJ
• Promised relig liberty land --struggled b/c
  conflicts w/ Dutch
• Characteristics Bread Colonies (export to
  Europe West Indies), PA Dutch, Scots Irish,
  Quakers, Zenger in 1735

13
Plus the other Middle Colonies

• New Netherland (NY)
• Manhattan
• Mixed ethnic
• Patroonships --elites estblish
• Knickerbocker literature
• Leislers Rebellion
• New Sweden (NJ)
• Dutch Swedish investors trade purpose
• Log cabin

14
Southern Colonies

• Chesapeake Colonies VA MD
• VA Jt Stock Co.
• Rolfe perfected tobacco cultivation
• MD Act of Toleration
• Tidewater
• Labor Shortages
• Colonies grew slowly b/c climate, disease, Indian
  attacks, gender imbalance
• Indentured Servants
• Headright System to attract settlers
• Slavery
• Bacon!
• Southern Colonies SC, NC, GA
• Restoration Colonies by Chas II of SC NC
  proprietors loyal to king.
• SC settled by Barbados immigrants
• Cash Crops Rice (and later indigo) in SC GA,
  tobacco in NC
• Tidewater Piedmont
• NC known as haven for runaway slaves, debtors,
  fugitives
• GA was LAST (1732) buffer for SC and debtor
  home.
• GA supposed to be no slavery.

15
Why high demand for slaves?

• Reduced white indent serv migration (increased
  wages in Engl)
• Need dependent and less troublesome labor
  force (think about Bacons Rebellion!)
• Still need CHEAP labor Royal African Co.
  monopoly ends
• Remember Slave Laws too MA was the first to
  recognize slavery as lawful!! And VA colony made
  law making perpetual (condition of servitude
  based on condition of mother)

16
Br. Colonials the Indians

• Initial trade ideas (Squanto) goods (fur,
  slaves) but then war.
• Frontier of Exclusion --saw as savage, need to
  spread west for growing pop.
• Powhatan Confederacy in VA, defeated after long
  series of wars
• NE Confederation colonials organized to protect
  against foreign Natives threat.
• King Philips War NE Conf. helped unify to
  fight. Metacomet unite lots of NE tribes. Last
  of NE natives resistance
• Iroquois In 17th 18th c, withstood attacks
  from opposing tribes Europeans (Beaver Wars and
  French Indian War, respectively) Franklin
  modeled their confederation in his Albany Plan
  side w/Br over Colonials in Revolutionary War.
  Always beat colonials (Chief J. Brant)--ouch!

17
Early Political Institutions

• Majority rule in Plymouth Aboard Mayflower,
  sign doc pledging to make decisions according to
  majority rule. Form of colonial self-govt of
  established powers duties of govt.
• Representative govt in Jamestown VA Co. agreed
  to this in order to encourage settlement. 1st
  representative assembly in 1619 --House of
  Burgesses
• Representative govt in MA MBC had limited but
  important democratic actions. All free men who
  were members of the Puritan Church had right to
  participate in elections.
• Limited nature of colonial democracy While some
  English colonies were partly democratic (esp. RI
  NC), only male property owners could ever vote.
  Women, landless, slaves, indent. servants had
  almost NO rights.

18
18th c. Colonial Society

• Polit self-govt w/ repres. Assemblies elected
  by eligible voters most governors appt. by king
  (except RI CT)
• Econ agric!! Slavery in all by war. Little
  gold/silver b/c required to pay for English
  imports in specie. Issued paper , but lots
  inflation.
• Relig toleration, sort of. ALL allowed
  different religions but w/varying degrees of
  freedom. (i.e. MA only Protestants). RI PA
  most tolerant
• Social no hereditary aristocracy, social
  mobility possible!, so patriarchal
• Intellectual/Arts English culture dominated lang
  traditions. But growing diversity w/Euro
  African migration. Georgian architecture English
  art, Ben Franklin

19
Colonial Religion

• Puritans Predestination, strict, no real art
• Half-Way Covenant 2nd generation less zealous
  but Puritan church wanted to keep its influence
  membership.
• Protestant dominated, state-supported churches,
• 1st Great Awakening
• --start in NE
• --J Edwards G Whitefield --sinners at hands
  of an angry God
• --emotionalism increased --Old v. New
  Lights
• --ministers lost authority as people studied
  Bible on own
• --mass movement colonial unity!

20
Colonial Economic Policy

• Mercantilism --do you know a definition???!
• -positives for colonies N Engl shipbuilding
  prospered Chesapeake estbl. Tobacco monopoly in
  England military protection by Brit navy from
  threats by French Spanish
• -negatives for colonies manufacturing
  limited farmers received low prices paid high
  prices for Engl manufact goods therefore,
  resentment developed slowly SMUGGLING resulted.
• Navigation Acts
• Woolen Act
• Iron Act
• Hat Act
• Molasses Act
• James II appoint Andros to rule over Dominion of
  New England (1685) to collect taxes, limit town
  meeting activities, suspend local legislative
  bodies. Andros is ousted when Glorious
  Revolution in England occurred in 1688.
• Salutary Neglect --Walpole 1713 (Treaty of
  Utrecht)

21
French Indian War

• Last of 4 World Wars btw Br Fr
• Iroquois aided Br
• Writs of Assistance --Otis
• British victory
• Treaty of Paris 1763
• Pontiacs Rebellion Proclamation of 1763
• Response Paxton Boys
• Br war debt impose revenue taxes on colonies

22
Grrr GrenvillePhase 1 1764-1769

• Stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts to stop
  smuggling raise for costs of protecting
  colonies/war debt.
• Accused smugglers tried in Admiralty Courts ?
  --no juries king-appointed judges
• The First Sugar Act 1764
• Quartering Act had to provide food living
  quarters

23
And then, the Stamp Act (1765)

• Direct tax!
• VA Resolves --Patrick Henry
• If this be treason Only VA could levy taxes.
  no tax w/o representation
• Sons of Liberty Violence!
• Stamp Act Congress only their elected officials
  had right to approve taxes. Declaration of
  Rights Grievances (moderate petition sent to
  king)
• Parliament repealed but issued Declaratory Act
  (1766)
• New PM --Pitt

24
Phase 2 Comparatively Peaceful 1770-1772

• New Quartering Act
• NY legislature suspended
• Townshend Act
• Letters from a PA Farmer no distinction btw.
  Interanl and external taxes. Said Parliament
  couldnt tax AT AL without representation
• MA Circular Letter propaganda spreading letter
• Association non-importation agreements
• Townshend Repealed
• Boston Massacre

25
Final Phase 1773-1776

• NC Regulators
• Gaspee British customs patrol ship that
  colonists hated and burned!
• Tea Act Tea Parties
• Coercive Act
• Closed Boston port til paid back trials in
  England, suspend MA charter, no town meetings,
  new Quartering Act
• Response Colonials call for Cont. Congress to
  meet
• Quebec Act
• Suffolk Resolves denounced Coercive Acts,
  advised people to form own militias.
• 1st Continental Congress (1774) all but GA
  endorsed Suffolk Resolves.
• Lexington Concord (April 1775) looking for
  leaders weapons, Paul Reveres ride triggered
  calling for 2nd Continental Congress

26
War!

• 2nd Continental Congress organized Continental
  Army all volunteers, led by GW
• Oliver Branch Petition (July 1775)
• Common Sense invoked natural law, reasoning,
  tis time to part
• Declaration of Independence Based on RH Lees
  resolution Enlightenment principles ?
• British capture cities Phila, NYC
• Losses Hardships Valley Forge, econ woes
• Loyalists aka Tories Lots in NY, NJ, GA
  uber-rich conservative most political leaders
  Anglican clergy were loyalists emigrated to
  CAN, GBr, Indies post war
• Natives side with GBr, of course!
• Turning Point Saratoga the French, et. al.

27
During Late War

• Final battles in South Yorktown surrender
• Women Molly Pitcher
• State Constitutions CT RI kept charts while
  others adopted new constitutions these govs
  were bicameral, weak executives, strong
  legislatures w/frequent elections, property
  qualifications for voting, Bills of Rights,
  appointed judiciary
• Primogeniture Entail abolished no more 1st
  born son or direct descendents laws.

28
Treaty of Paris 1783

• Br recognized US as independent
• Br evacuate posts in NW territory
• MS River boundary
• US fishing rights off CAN coast
• US pay debts to Brit merchants Loyalist
  confiscated property claims

29
Articles of Confederation

• Written by J. Dickinson adopted by 2nd
  Continental Congress. The first govt of the US
  (1777-1788)
• Firm league of friendship among sovereign
  independent states
• Powers not given reserved to the states
• Amended by unanimous votes
• No executive or judicial branch
• Make treaties, declare war, borrow money print
  currency, settle disputes between states over
  western land claims

30
During the Articles

• Won the war! ?
• Capital in NYC
• Newburgh Conspiracy
• Loyalist Exodus to CAN, Br, Indies
• Society of Cincinnati --elitist
• Big econ depression ?
• VA Statute of Religious Freedom
• Land Ordinance of 1785 ?
• NW Ordinance of 1787 ?
• Annapolis Convention no shows, call for new
  meeting to revise the Articles
• Shays Rebellion!! in MA, against high taxes,
  debtor imprisonment lack of paper . Followed
  Decl of Independence idea of people have right to
  resist govt when it abuses its power.

31
Constitutional Convention

• Assemblage of demagogues 55 rich white men
• Enlightenment influences
• VA Plan v. NJ Plan CT or Great Compromise
• Slavery
• 3/5th Compromise each slave worth 3/5 of person
  for purposes of determining a states level of
  tax representation
• Keep slave trade for at least 20 more years, when
  Congress could vote to end
• Electoral College showed fear mob rule!

32
Ratification Amendments

• W/only 12 states attending, needed 9 states to
  ratify thru special state conventions.
• Federalists v. Antifederalists factions
• Federalists rich/propertied, tidewater, like
  strong central govt, hate Articles, fear
  mobocracy
• Anti-feds small farmers, backcountry, debtors,
  states rights, fear strong central govt
• Federalist Papers argued a large republic best
  protected minority rights.
• Delaware 1st
• Laggard States --VA, NY, NC, RI

33
Federalist Era Washington Adams

• Domestic Policy
• 1st Cabinet
• Bill of Rights see handout
• Judiciary Act (1789) est. federal court system
• Hamiltons Report on Public Credit Report on
  Manufactures
• and Hamiltons Financial Plan BE FAT!
• Treaty of Greenville After Battle of Fallen
  Timbers tribes surrender territory in OH Riv
  Valley
• Whiskey Rebellion attack excise tax collectors,
  no bloodshed
• Alien Sedition Acts
• Response KY VA Resolutions

34
Hamiltonians v. Jeffersonians foundation of
2-party system

• Hamiltonians/Federalists
• Rich, tidewater, Society of Cincinnati, Northern
  businessmen large landowners
• Lost Interpretation
• BIG army navy
• Strong Central Govt
• Pro-British foreign policy
• Aid business, BUS, Tariffs

• Jeffersonians/Dem-Reps
• Skilled workers, small farmers, some plantation
  owners
• Strict interpretation
• Small peacetime army navy
• Pro-French
• Pro-agric, no BUS, no tariffs

35
Federalist Era

• Foreign Policy
• French Revolution
• Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
• Citizen Genet pitched to the people to support
  FR in war
• Jays Treaty (1794) w/ GBr over ship seizures
  but did nothing except reaffirm western fort
  evacuation.
• Pinckney Treaty (1795) New Orleans access from
  Spain
• WA Farewell Address no parties, no permanent
  alliances, no involved Euro affairs, avoid
  sectionalism
• XYZ Affair FR tried to bribe US diplomats US
  public anger call for war. Adams averted
  crisis

36
Jefferson

• Election 1800 We are all Republicans
• LA Purchase
• Trigger Napoleon war Haiti
• Constitutional predicament
• Consequences doubled size, removed foreign
  presence, guaranteed westward expansion,
  strengthened TJs agrarian vision of US
• Lewis Clark strengthened US claims to OR
  territory, improved relations w/some tribes,
  developed maps routes for fur trappers future
  settlers

37
Marshall Court

• Only power remaining to the Fed Party.
• Strengthened central govt at expense of states
  rights
• Key Cases
• Marbury v. Madison judicial review
• McCulloch v. MD BUS constitutional
• Gibbons v. Ogden fedl govt control interstate
  commerce

38
Jefferson Cont

• Barbary Pirates Tripolitan War (1801-04),
  demanded tribute
• Challenges to US neutrality impressment by BR
  ( also FR) ships.
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair US ship attacked
  sailors killed anti-Br feeling Jefferson
  applied econ pressure to war cries
• Embargo Act (1807) War alternative. No trade
  at all. Hurt NE economy, no impact on Br.
  Repealed in 1809

39
Madison

• Commercial Warfare
• Nonintercourse Act trade w/all but Br Fr
• Macons Bill No 2 whichever 1st trade with
• Onset of War of 1812
• Violate neutral rights at sea troubles on
  frontier (Battle of Tippecanoe)
• War Hawks (Clay Calhoun)
• NE Opposition Hartford Convention
• During the War US invaded CAN, naval battles in
  Great Lakes (USS Constitution), DC was torched,
  Star-Spangled Banner

40
Wars Legacy

• Treaty of Ghent armistice no changes to
  pre-war boundaries
• US gained some international respect
• Nationalism!!
• End of Federalist Party
• Natives lose land
• US factories more industrial self-sufficiency
• New generation of war heroes --A Jackson WH
  Harrison

41
Era of Good Feelings

• Pres. Monroe in 1816
• One party dominated across region
• Acquired FL, new states (like MO), defeated
  Barbary Pirates, and Monroe Doctrine
• Cultural Nationalism belief in young country
  its unlimited prosperity patriotic themes in art
  lit.
• Economic Nationalism
• Tariff 1816 1st protective tariff
• American System BUS, tariff, internal
  improvements Clay believed fed govt should
  promote industry

42
But not all good feelings

• Panic 1819 land speculation, state banks
  closed, inflation, unemployment, debtor prisons
• Westerners began calling for land reform
  strongly opposed BUS debtor prisons
• MO Compromise ME free, MO slave, 36 30 proposed
  Tallmadge amendment (no new slaves in MO
  emancipated at age 25) ignited controversy.
• Though balanced preserved, sectional controversy
  damaged natl feelings
• After this crisis, Americans torn btw feelings of
  natl sectl.

43
Monroe Foreign Policy

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) disarm Great Lakes.
• Treaty of 1818 49th parallel joint occupation
  of OR Territory shared fishing rights off
  Newfoundland
• FL Seminole War Jackson Florida Purchase (aka
  Adams-Onis Treaty)
• Monroe Doctrine
• Spark worried about Spain Russia
• No further colonization non-intervention
• Backed by Br acceptance and Br navy.

44
National Economy the Market Revl

• Population Growth doubling every 20 yrs. Irish
  later German immigrants, non-white pop growing
  too
• Internal Improvements Roads, Steamboats,
  Canals, Railroads
• Industry mechanical inventions (Whitney),
  patent laws protect, corporations to raise
  capital, factory system, lots labor (Lowell
  System of women dorms), tiny unions (Commwealth
  v. Hunt), limited liability corporations, Charles
  River Bridge decision.
• Commercial Agric Cheap land easy credit,
  Markets!!
• Cotton growth in AL MS

45
Effects of Market Revolution

• The specialization on the farm, growth of cities,
  industrialization dvlpmt of modern capitalism
  meant
• End of self-sufficient households growing
  interdependence among peoples
• Standard of living increased
• Challenges to adapting to fast-changing econ
• Women no longer work alongside gained more
  control over lives
• Econ social mobility real wages improved for
  urban workers, but gap btw. very rich very poor
  increased generational social mobility much
  better than in Euro, but rags to riches idea is
  sooo rare.
• Slavery cotton industry breathed new life into
  slavery

46
Sectionalism

• North NE old NW
• Bound together by improved transportation high
  econ growth
• Much more urban. New cities in NW (Chicago,
  Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis)
• Afr-Amer free, less than 1, but NOT econ or
  polit equality. Often hired as strikebreakers
• Nativists Know-Nothing Party

47
Sectionalism

• South
• Agric King Cotton cash crops, cotton gin made
  cotton cloth more affordable, depleted soil so
  constant push west
• Slavery, the peculiar institution no longer
  justified as econ necessity, but used historical
  religious arguments
• Usurped Southern capital while Northerners used
  capital to industrialize
• Revolts Vesey plot (1822) in SC Turner (1831)
  in VA. Resulted in tightened slave codes worse
  treatment for free blacks, and strengthened
  abolitionist opposition.

48
Sectionalism

• White Southern Society
• Aristocracy dominated legislatures, lots
  slaves on big plantations tiny portion of pop.
• Farmers slaveholders w/a few slaves whom they
  worked alongside
• Poor Whites 3/4s of white pop! Butternuts
• Mountain People Lived in Appalachians Ozarks,
  loyal to Union.
• Cities so few w/a small portion of the pop.

49
Sectionalism

• Southern Thought
• Code of chivalry feudal society of southern
  gentlemen based on personal honor, defending
  womanhood, paternalism of all deemed inferior
  (esp. slaves)
• Education valued by elites but no chance for
  lower classes. Prohibited for slaves.
• Religion churches split over slavery issue in
  1840s.

50
Age of Jackson 1824-1844

• Jacksonian Democracy
• A Jackson as symbol of the era.
• Equality equal opportunity for white males
  --would allow for the self-made man
• de Tocqueville no aristocracy, social mobility
  made America unique
• Corrupt Bargain (1824) JQ Adams wins
• Jackson victory in 1828

51
Politics

• Universal white male suffrage
• Party nominating conventions
• Two-party system
• Rise of 3rd parties
• More elected offices
• Popular campaigning
• Spoils system
• Rotation of office

52
Jackson Domestic

• Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Forced resettlement to allow common man expand
• Cherokee v. GA
• Worcester v. GA
• Trail of Tears

53
Jackson Domestic

• Inaugural craziness!
• Kitchen Cabinet
• Nullification Crisis sectionalism, Force Bill
• Maysville Road Veto
• BUS War
• Veto
• Pet Banks
• Specie Circular