Passenger pigeon

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CHAPTER 18 SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY THE SPECIES
APPROACH
Passenger pigeon
Dusky seaside sparrow
Great auk
Dodo
Aepyornis (Madagascar)
HERE ARE SOME ANIMAL SPECIES THAT WERE DRIVEN TO
EXTINCTION BY HUMANS BY HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND
OVERHUNTING. THE PASSENGER PIGEON IS NOTEWORTHY
DUE TO ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROSS MISCALCULATIONS
OF THE MINIMUM VIABLE POPULATION (NUMBER OF
SURVIVORS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE SPECIES
PERMANENTLY) AND HABITAT WHICH LED TO ITS
EXTINCTION.
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Figure 18-3 (1)Page 450
White top pitcher plant
Kirtland's warbler
Grizzly bear (threatened)
Arabian oryx (Middle East)
African elephant (Africa)
Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)
Swallowtail butterfly
Humpback chub
Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)
Siberian tiger (Siberia)
THREATENED (VULNERABLE) SPECIES ARE STILL
ABUNDANT IN THEIR NATURAL RANGES BUT BECAUSE OF
DECLINING NUMBERS ARE LIKELY TO BECOME ENDANGERED
IN THE NEAR FUTURE
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West Virginia spring salamander
Knowlton cactus
Whooping crane
Giant panda (China)
Blue whale
Swamp pink
Pine barrens tree frog (male)
Hawksbill sea turtle
El Segundo blue butterfly
Mountain gorilla (Africa)
ENDANGERED SPECIES ARE ONES WITH SO FEW
INDIVIDUALS THAT THE SPECIES WILL SOON BE
EXTINCT. TERMS ENDANGERED AND THREATENED HAVE
LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE.
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Figure 18-3 (3)Page 451
CONSIDER SOME EXAMPLES MANATEE IS DYING FROM
THERMAL POLLUTION SPOTTED OWL WAS USED IN AN
ATTEMPT TO SET A LEGAL PRECEDENT ON TERRITORIAL
EXTENT IN ORDER TO PRESERVE A HABITAT OLD
GROWTH GRAY WOLF HAS GOTTEN SOME BAD MEDIA
LEADING TO MISGUIDED EXTERMINATION EFFORTS BY
GOVT AND RANCHERS CONDOR IS EXAMPLE OF CAPTURE
RECOVER ZOO APPROACH
Florida manatee
Northern spotted owl (threatened)
Bannerman's turaco (Africa)
Gray wolf
Florida panther
Devil's hole pupfish
Black-footed ferret
Snow leopard (Central Asia)
Symphonia (Madagascar)
Utah prairie dog (threatened)
California condor
Black lace cactus
Oahu tree snail
Ghost bat (Australia)
Black rhinoceros (Africa)
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Figure 18-4Page 452
SOME FEATURES OF SENSITIVE SPECIES THESE ARE
PROBLEMS WITH WARM AND FUZZY OR CALENDAR SPECIES.
MOST EXTINCTIONS ARE HAPPENING WITH LESS FAMOUS
SMALL CRITTERS SUCH AS INSECTS, FUNGI, ETC.
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive rate (K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros
Specialized niche
Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite
Narrow distribution
Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish
Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear
Feeds at high trophic level
Fixed migratory patterns
Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles
Rare
Many island species, African violet, some orchids
Commercially valuable
Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare
plants and birds
Large territories
California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther
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Figure 18-6 (1)Page 456
IT IS NOT A GOOD TIME FOR TOP PREDATORS ALMOST
ANYWHERE ON THE GLOBE
Range 100 years ago
Range today (about 2,300 left)
Indian Tiger
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Figure 18-6 (2)Page 456
RHINO HABITAT IS SHRINKING AND THEY ARE HUNTED
FOR THEIR HORNS
Range in 1700
Range today (about 2,400 left)
Black Rhino
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Figure 18-6 (3)Page 456
ELEPHANTS ARE FOLLOWING THE SAME PATH AS THEIR
MASTADON RELATIVES, YET THIS TIME WE ARE MORE
CERTAIN OF THE CAUSE OF THEIR DEMISE
Probable range 1600
Range today (300,000 left)
African Elephant
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Figure 18-7Page 457
Spragues pipit
Bichnells thrush
Blacked-capped vireo
Golden-cheeked warbler
Cerulean warbler
10 MOST THREATENED SPECIES
Florida scrub jay
California gnatcatcher
Kirtlands warbler
Henslows sparrow
Bachmans warbler
SONGBIRDS PLAY IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL ROLES AND ARE
INDICATOR SPECIES OF HABITAT INTEGRITY. DEMISE
IS DUE TO HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND
NON-NATIVE BIRDS (STARLING)
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Figure 18-8 (1)Page 458
Purple looselife
European starling
African honeybee (Killer bee)
Nutria
Salt cedar (Tamarisk)
Marine toad
Water hyacinth
Japanese beetle
Hydrilla
European wild boar (Feral pig)
INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR REASONS
FOR THE DECLINE OF MANY NATIVE SPECIES
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Figure 18-8 (2)Page 458
Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant
Eurasian muffle
Brown tree snake
Common pigeon (Rock dove)
Formosan termite
Zebra mussel
Asian long-horned beetle
Asian tiger mosquito
Gypsy moth larvae
MANY OF THESE INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE INSECTS AND
FISH SOME ARE GOOD AND INTRODUCED TO CONTROL
PREVIOUS INTRODUCTIONS MANY EXOTIC SPECIES COME
FROM SHIP BALLASTS
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CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

• POPULATION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• INCREASE IN RESOURCE CONSUMPTION
• POVERTY
• HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION AND FRAGMENTATION
• INTRODUCTION OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES
• OVERFISHING
• CLIMATE CHANGE
• PREDATOR AND PEST CONTROL
• POLLUTION
• COMMERCIAL HUNTING
• POACHING
• HARVEST AND SALE OF EXOTIC PETS, PLANTS, CORAL
  REEF INHABITANTS, ETC.

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Figure 18-9Page 459
KUDZU WAS AN INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION IN THE
1930'S. IT WAS INTRODUCED TO CONTROL EROSION AND
FIX NITROGEN. IT BECAME OVERDOMINANT TO SAY THE
LEAST.
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Figure 18-12 (1)Page 462
CASE STUDY OF CETACEANS TOOTHED VS. BALEEN
(HORNY PLATES USED AS FILTERS FOR ACQUIRING
KRILL) EASY PREY DUE TO SIZE AND NEED TO
SURFACE FOLLOW TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS 8 OF 11
MAJOR SPP. ENDANGERED IWC SET UP TO REGULATE
WHALE HARVEST IN 1946 1970 U.S. STOPPED ALL
WHALING AND BANNED IMPORTS 1986 MORATORIUM
IMPOSED ON ALL WHALING BY IWC
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Common dolphin
Harbor porpoise
Killer whale
Bottlenose dolphin
Beluga whale
False killer whale
Pilot whale
Cuvier's beaked whale
Narwhal
Pygmy sperm whale
Sperm whale
Baird's beaked whale
Squid
Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)
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Figure 18-12 (2)Page 463
Humpback whale
JAPAN, NORWAY, ICELAND AND RUSSIA OPPOSE BAN
ADDED TROPICAL COUNTRIES INTO IWC TO GAIN SUPPORT
TO RESUME HUNTING REQUEST RESUMING HUNTING OF
MINK, PILOT, SPERM, BYRDE'S, AND GRAY WHALES
(SPECIES WHOSE POPULATIONS HAVE RECOVERED
Bowhead whale
Minke whale
Right whale
Blue whale
Fin whale
Feeding on krill
Sei whale
Gray whale
Mysticetes (Baleen Whales)
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Figure 18-16Page 470
Olive ridley 76 centimeters
Australian flatback 99 centimeters
Loggerhead 119 centimeters
Hawksbill 89 centimeters
Black turtle 99 centimeters
Green turtle 124 centimeters
Leatherback 188 centimeters
Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters
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Figure 18-17Page 474
North American-South American flyways
WHALES, TURTLES AND MANY BIRDS HAVE HEMISPHERIC
MIGRATORY ROUTES THAT MAKE IT EASY TO DISRUPT
THEIR LIFE HISTORY CYCLES CAUSING POTENTIAL
EXTINCTION. MIGRATIONS ALSO MAKE THEM EASY TO
HUNT.
European-African flyways
Asian flyways
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Figure 18-13Page 467
BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS IN THE U.S.
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4
3
5
Top Six Hot Spots
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1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern
Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern
California 6 Florida Panhandle
Concentration of rare species
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Low
Moderate
High